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Primary Frequency Regulation by Demand Side Response

  • Research Article-Electrical Engineering
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Abstract

Recently, there have been growing attempts to replace conventional power generators with renewable energy sources. However, the inertia reduction that results from such measures jeopardizes the stability of the power system. Typically, power system operators utilize the spinning generating units to provide the required capacity to preserve system frequency where the carbon emission and wear/tear costs considerably affect their feasibility. Instead, this paper investigates the ability to use the existing assets (i.e., controllable demands) in providing the regulation needed to maintain the frequency within the allowable ranges. The proposed study reveals that the dynamically controlled space heaters were able to provide a fast primary response without a significant impact on the regular operation of the heaters. The proposed approach successfully reduced the conventional generator's regulating capacity during a sudden loss of generation/or a sudden increase in demand. Highlighting the impact of inertia reduction on the overall performance concludes the proposed study.

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Abbreviations

C :

Heat capacity (kJ/kg K)

D :

Percentage of frequency sensitive loads (%)

E :

The energy in (MWh)

H :

Generator inertia (s)

K :

Lead-lag gain

\(M_{{{\text{air}}}}\) :

Mass of air (kg/m3)

\(M_{{{\text{dot}}}}\) :

Air mass flow (kg/h)

\(P_{{\text{L}}}\) :

Load power (MW)

\(P_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Electric power (MW)

\(P_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Mechanical power (MW)

\(P_{{\text{v}}}\) :

Valve power (MW)

R :

Droop characteristic constant

\(R_{{{\text{eq}}}}\) :

Building thermal resistance (k/W)

\(T_{1}\) :

Lead-lag controller time constant (s)

\(T_{2}\) :

Lead-lag controller time constant (s)

\(T_{{\text{T}}}\) :

Turbine time constant (s)

\(T_{{{\text{amb}}}}\) :

Ambient temperature F

\(T_{{\text{g}}}\) :

Governor time constant (s)

\(T_{{{\text{indoor}}}}\) :

Indoor temperature F

\(T_{{{\text{in}}}}\) :

Temperature reference F

\(T_{{{\text{room}}}}\) :

Room temperature F

\(\frac{{{\text{d}}Q}}{{{\text{d}}t}}\) :

Heat flow

\(\Delta f\) :

Frequency deviation in (p.u.)

\({\Delta }T\) :

Temperature difference in F

\(\Delta \omega\) :

Speed deviation in (p.u.)

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals through the Direct Funded Project No. DF191004. Dr. Abido would also like to acknowledge the funding support provided by K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center (ERIC), KFUPM. The authors also acknowledge Qassim University for their continuous support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Ibrahim M. Alotaibi, M. A. Abido & M. Khalid

  2. K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    M. A. Abido & M. Khalid

Authors
  1. Ibrahim M. Alotaibi
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  2. M. A. Abido
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  3. M. Khalid
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ibrahim M. Alotaibi.

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Key Parameters of the Power System Model

See Table 4.

Table 4 Power system data
Full size table

1.2 Closed Loop Uncontrolled Matrix

figure a
$$x\times \left({s}^{3}+7.08{s}^{2}+10.56s+20.8\right)=\Delta {P}_{\mathrm{Loss}}$$
(13)
$$\left[\begin{array}{c}\dot{{x}_{1}}\\ \dot{{x}_{2}}\\ \dot{{x}_{3}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ -20.8& -10.56& -7.08\end{array}\right]\left[{x}_{i}\right]$$

1.3 Closed Loop Matrix with Lead-Lag Controller

$$\frac{\Delta \omega }{\Delta P}=\frac{{K}_{2}\left(\frac{1+s{T}_{1}}{1+s{T}_{2}}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{10s+0.8}\right)}{{K}_{1}\left(\frac{1}{1+0.2s}\right)\left(\frac{1}{1+0.5s}\right)\left(\frac{1}{10s+0.8}\right)\left(\frac{1+s{T}_{1}}{1+s{T}_{2}}\right){K}_{2}+1}$$
(14)
$$x[0.8+{K}_{1}{K}_{2}+s\left(10.56+0.8{T}_{2}+{K}_{1}{K}_{2}{T}_{1}\right)+{s}^{2}\left(7.08+10.56{T}_{2}\right)+{s}^{3}\left(7.08{T}_{2}+1\right) +{s}^{4}{T}_{2}]=\Delta {P}_{Loss}$$
(15)
$$\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\dot{{x}_{1}}\\ \dot{{x}_{2}}\\ \dot{{x}_{3}}\end{array}\\ \dot{{x}_{4}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ \frac{-\left(0.8+{K}_{1}{K}_{2}\right)}{{T}_{2}}& \frac{-\left(10.56+0.8{T}_{2}+{K}_{1}{K}_{2}{T}_{1}\right)}{{T}_{2}}& \frac{-\left(7.08+10.56{T}_{2}\right)}{T2}& \frac{-\left(7.08{T}_{2}+1\right)}{{T}_{2}}\end{array}\right]$$

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Alotaibi, I.M., Abido, M.A. & Khalid, M. Primary Frequency Regulation by Demand Side Response. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 9627–9637 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05440-x

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