Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Shear Strength Parameters and Consolidation of Clay Reinforced with Single and Group Bottom Ash Columns

  • Research Article - Civil Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stone column could be used as a ground improvement technique where a portion of the soil is replaced with granular material such as crushed rocks or sand which is proven to increase bearing capacity and accelerate the dissipation of pore water pressure. Since “bottom ash”, as the waste of coal burning, possesses similar properties to sand, there is a potential of using bottom ash as stone columns. This paper discusses the results of the improvement in shear strength parameters of clay when reinforced with single and group bottom ash columns (BAC). A total of 39 specimens of kaolin samples were isotropically consolidated and sheared using Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Tests with pore pressure measurement to determine the shear strength parameters. Test variables include the diameter and height of columns and effective confining pressure. Results indicate that the installation of BAC in clay specimens increased the apparent cohesion but did not show any significant difference in the effective friction angle. Generally, the apparent cohesion of soft clay reinforced with partially penetrating columns is higher than that of fully penetrating columns. It is also found that during consolidation, the dissipation of pore water pressure was accelerated with the presence of BAC. Hence, it can be concluded that the consolidation and shear strength of soft clay could be improved by the installation of BAC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Muhardi Marto, A.; Kassim, K.A.; Makhtar, A.M.; Lee, F.W.; Yap, S.L.: Engineering characteristics of Tanjung Bin coal ash. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 15(K), 1117–1129 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abdul Razak, H.; Naganathan, S.; Abdul Hamid, S.N.: Controlled low-strength material using industrial waste incineration bottom ash and refined kaolin. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 35(2B), 53–67 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kumar, S.; Stewart, J.: Evaluation of illinois pulverized coal combustion dry bottom ash for use in geotechnical engineering applications. J. Energy Eng. 129(2), 42–55 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hughes, J.M.O.; Withers, N.J.: Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns. Ground Eng. 7(3), 42–49 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sivakumar, V.; McKelvey, D.; Graham, J.; Hughus, D.: Triaxial tests on model sand columns in clay. Can. Geotech. J. 41, 299–312 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ambily, A.P.; Gandhi, S.R.: Behavior of stone columns based on experimental and FEM analysis. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133(4), 405–415 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Najjar, S.S.; Sadek, S.; Makaroun, T.: Effect of sand columns on the undrained load response of soft clays. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136(9), 1263–1277 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Muir Wood, D.; Hu, W.; Nash, F.T.: Group effects in stone column foundation: model tests. Geotechnique 50(6), 689–698 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. McKelvey, D.; Sivakumar, V.; Bell, A.; Graham, J.: Modelling vibrated stone columns in soft clay. Geotech. Eng. 157, 137–149 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Black, J.; Sivakumar, V.; Madhav, M.R.; McCabe, B.: An improved experimental setup to study the performance of granular columns. Geotech. Test. J. 293, 193–199 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Black, J.; Sivakumar, V.; McKinley, J.D.: Performance of clay samples reinforced with vertical granular columns. Can. Geotech. J. 44, 89–95 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Juran, I.; Riccobono, O.: Reinforcing soft soils with artificially cemented compacted-sand columns. Geotech. Eng. 117(7), 1042–1060 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. McKelvey, D.: The performance of vibro stone column reinforced foundations in deep soft ground. Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University Belfast, UK (2002)

  14. Hasan, M.; Marto, A.; Hyodo, M.; Makhtar, A.M.: The strength of soft clay reinforced with singular and group bottom ash columns. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 16(M), 1215–1227 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Munfakh, G.A.; Sarkar, S.K.; Castelli, R.J.: Performance of a test embankment founded on stone columns. In: Proceedings of the international conference on advances in piling and ground treatment for foundation, pp. 259–265 (1983)

  16. Han, J.; Ye, S.L.: Settlement analysis of buildings on the soft clays stabilized by stone columns. In: Proceedings of the international conference on soil improvement and pile foundation, pp. 446–451 (1992)

  17. Maakaroun, T.; Najjar, S.S.; Sadek, S.: Effect of sand columns on the load response of soft clays. In: Proceedings of the international foundation congress and equipment expo, pp. 217–224 (2009)

  18. Narasimha Rao, S.; Prasad, Y.V.S.N.; Hanumanta Rao, V.: Use of stone columns in soft marine clays. In: Proceedings of the 45th Canadian geotechnical conference, Toronto. Canadian Geotechnical Society, Canada (1992)

  19. Head, K.H.: Manual of soil laboratory testing, vol. 3. In: Effective Stress Tests. Pentech Press, London (1986)

  20. Fleming, W.G.K.; Weltman, A.J.; Randolph, M.F.; Elson, W.K.: Piling Engineering. Surrey University Press, Surrey (1985)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Aminaton Marto & Ahmad Mahir Makhtar

  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Muzamir Hasan

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube, 755-8611, Japan

    Masayuki Hyodo

Authors
  1. Aminaton Marto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muzamir Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Masayuki Hyodo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ahmad Mahir Makhtar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muzamir Hasan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Marto, A., Hasan, M., Hyodo, M. et al. Shear Strength Parameters and Consolidation of Clay Reinforced with Single and Group Bottom Ash Columns. Arab J Sci Eng 39, 2641–2654 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0933-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0933-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation