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Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND

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Abstract

Astrocytes regulate local cerebral blood flow, maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, provide metabolic support, regulate synaptic activity, and respond to brain injury, insults, and infection. Because of their abundance, extensive connectivity, and multiple roles in the brain, astrocytes are intimately involved in normal functioning of the CNS and their dysregulation can lead to neuronal dysfunction. In normal aging, decreased biological functioning and reduced cognitive abilities are commonly experienced in individuals free of overt neurological disease. Moreover, in several age-related CNS diseases, chronic inflammation and altered metabolism have been reported. Since people with HIV (PWH) are reported to experience rapid aging with chronic inflammation, altered brain metabolism is likely to be exacerbated. In fact, many studies report altered metabolism in astrocytes in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HIV. This review will address the roles of astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, in age-related CNS disease, and in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH P01 DA037830 to Kamel Khalili and Dianne Langford, NIH R01 MH107340 to Dianne Langford, NIH K99/R00 HL138268 to Santhanam Shanmughapriya, the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center to Kamel Khalili (NIH P30 MH09217), and Bianca Cotto was supported by T32MH079785.

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  1. Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Bianca Cotto, Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan & Dianne Langford

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Cotto, B., Natarajaseenivasan, K. & Langford, D. Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND. J. Neurovirol. 25, 722–733 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-019-00721-6

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