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Effective Reinforcement of Melamine-functionalized WS2 Nanosheets in Epoxy Nanocomposites at Low Loading via Enhanced Interfacial Interaction

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Abstract

We present a two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2)-based material as a reinforcement additive to produce thermally stable, mechanically strong, and light-weight epoxy (EP) composites. An aqueous melamine solution was used to exfoliate the bulk WS2 into nanosheets while simultaneously functionalizing them to obtain melamine-functionalized WS2 (N-WS2) nanosheets. These non-covalently functionalized N-WS2 nanosheets were used as toughening agents for epoxy composites. The contents of the N-WS2 nanosheets were maintained at below 1 wt%. The effect of functionalization on the interfacial properties of EP composites was investigated in terms of the interfacial interactions between the EP and the nanosheets. The results demonstrated that the surface free energy of EP composites increased significantly after the incorporation of N-WS2 nanosheets into the EP matrix and further increased with the increased loading of N-WS nanosheets up to a maximal value of 54.38 mJ-m2 for the composite containing 0.18 wt% N-WS2 nanosheets, suggesting a stronger interfacial interaction between the EP and N-WS2 nanosheets. A gradual decrease in the surface free energy of the EP composites was observed at higher loadings, which might be attributed to the aggregation of N-WS2 nanosheets within the matrix or excessive bonding of the sheets with one another rather than with the EP matrix due to their larger Van der Waals forces and their large surface area. The mechanical properties of the EP composites were analyzed and demonstrated 55%, 101%, 44%, and 15% improvements in the fracture toughness, fracture energy, flexural strength, and flexural modulus, respectively, for the composite containing 0.18 wt% N-WS2 nanosheets. Moreover, the composites displayed increased glass transition temperatures and better thermal stabilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon, 22212, Korea

    Shahina Riaz & Soo-Jin Park

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  1. Shahina Riaz
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Correspondence to Soo-Jin Park.

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Supporting information

Information is available regarding thermogravimetric analysis and degradation analysis, DSC analysis of EP/NWS2 composites, mechanical properties calculations detail, and calculated surface free energy, polar component, and London dispersive components of all the EP/NWS2 composites. The materials are available via the internet at http://www.springer.com/13233.

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Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Korea Evaluation institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) through the Carbon Cluster Construction project [10083586, Development of petroleum based graphite fibers with ultra-high thermal conductivity] funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea). and secured mass production by developing core material technology for localizing latent hardener for low temperature fast curing) funded By the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and the Technological Innovation R&D Program (S2829590) funded by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA, Korea).

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Riaz, S., Park, SJ. Effective Reinforcement of Melamine-functionalized WS2 Nanosheets in Epoxy Nanocomposites at Low Loading via Enhanced Interfacial Interaction. Macromol. Res. 28, 1116–1126 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8151-8

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