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Thailand’s amazing diversity: up to 96% of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel

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Abstract

Fungi have been often neglected, despite the fact that they provided penicillin, lovastatin and many other important medicines. They are an understudied, but essential, fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms. The study of fungi in northern Thailand has been carried out by us since 2005. These studies have been diverse, ranging from ecological aspects, phylogenetics with the incorportation of molecular dating, taxonomy (including morphology and chemotaxonomy) among a myriad of microfungi, to growing novel mushrooms, and DNA-based identification of plant pathogens. In this paper, advances in understanding the biodiversity of fungi in the region are discussed and compared with those further afield. Many new species have been inventoried for the region, but many unknown species remain to be described and/or catalogued. For example, in the edible genus Agaricus, over 35 new species have been introduced from northern Thailand, and numerous other taxa await description. In this relatively well known genus, 93% of species novelty is apparent. In the microfungi, which are relatively poorly studied, the percentage of novel species is, surprisingly, generally not as high (55–96%). As well as Thai fungi, fungi on several hosts from Europe have been also investigated. Even with the well studied European microfungi an astounding percentage of new taxa (32–76%) have been discovered. The work is just a beginning and it will be a daunting task to document this astonishingly high apparent novelty among fungi.

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Acknowledgements

K.D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund for the grant ‘‘Domestication and bioactive evaluation of Thai Hymenopellis, Oudemansiella, Xerula and Volvariella species (basidiomycetes)” Grant No. as : DBG6180033 for funding this work. Mae Fah Luang University for the grant ‘‘Taxonomy diversity, phylogeny and evolution of fungi in Capnodiales” (Grant No: 666713), for supporting this study. The authors extend their appreciation to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for a joint TRF-DAAD [PPP 2017–2018] academic exchange grant to K.D. Hyde and M. Stadler. Mingkwan Doilom thanks grant for postdoctoral researchers funded by Yunnan Human Resources and Social Security Department, and The 64th Grant from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Kevin D. Hyde, Mingkwan Doilom, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe & Saowaluck Tibpromma

  2. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

    Kevin D. Hyde, Chada Norphanphoun, Asha J. Dissanayake, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Rekhani H. Perera & Saowaluck Tibpromma

  3. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., CP 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Jie Chen

  4. World Agro Forestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Mingkwan Doilom, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe & Saowaluck Tibpromma

  5. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Rai, 50200, Thailand

    Mingkwan Doilom

  6. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

    Sinang Hongsanan

  7. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

    Sinang Hongsanan

  8. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, 80837, Mauritius

    Rajesh Jeewon

  9. National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Komsit Wisitrassameewong

  10. Department of Microbial Drugs and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany

    Benjarong Thongbai & Marc Stadler

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  1. Kevin D. Hyde
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Hyde, K.D., Norphanphoun, C., Chen, J. et al. Thailand’s amazing diversity: up to 96% of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel. Fungal Diversity 93, 215–239 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0415-7

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