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The Caucasian corticioid fungi: level of endemism, similarity, and possible contribution to European fungal diversity

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Abstract

We assess the composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region for the first time. The Caucasian corticioids were compared with those of well-documented areas in the Northern Hemisphere using the Tripartite similarity index and cluster analysis. To investigate the significance of the Caucasus region as a possible contributor to the colonization of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes in Europe, DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) belonging to the corticioid fungus Peniophorella praetermissa were analysed for comparisons of genetic diversity within and differentiation between geographical regions. Putative species endemism and disjunction of corticioids in the Caucasus region is also discussed. The composition of corticioid fungi in the Caucasus region was found to be distinctly more similar to Europe and North America than to East Asia and India. Similarity tests and molecular Fsts both point to a strong connection between the Caucasus and Europe. The highest molecular diversity in P. praetermissa was in the Caucasus and East Asia as compared with other regions studied. The Caucasus and East Asia were significantly differentiated from each other, and unlike Caucasian samples, East Asian sequences were highly divergent from the European ones. This result suggests that the Caucasus might have been a source of colonization for Europe. Endemism is very low, possibly a common feature for wood-inhabiting saprotrophic fungi.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Morten Christiansen (Denmark), Gurpaul S. Dhingra (India), Sergio Pérez Gorjón (Argentina), Annarosa Bernicchia (Italy), and Sheng-Hua Wu (Taiwan) for kindly sending us their unpublished checklists. Erast Parmasto and Ilmi Parmasto (Estonia) are warmly thanked for arranging several valuable loans from TAA herbarium. We thank Peter Roberts (England) for his advice on the English. Thanks are due to Bernard Duhem (France) for identifying Phlebia margaritae from Iran. This study was supported by Göteborg Stenholm Foundation, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, and University of Helsinki Chancellor Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad

  2. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Nils Hallenberg

  3. Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad & Jaakko Hyvönen

  4. V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany, Akademichnaya 27, BY-220072, Minsk, Belarus

    Eugene Yurchenko

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Supplementary Table 1

Published documents and sources used in assembling checklists of corticioids and the genera Hyphodontia, Peniophora, and Phlebia, as well as calculated T values. Numbers in square brackets are a, b, and c, respectively (a = the number of entries common to both lists, b = the number of entries in the first list that are not in the second, and c = the number of entries in the second list that are not in the first). Area abbreviations as in Fig. 1 (DOC 59 kb)

Supplementary Table 2

Groups selected for comparisons of Tripartite similarity index and for drawing dendrograms. n = number of species (DOC 45 kb)

Supplementary Table 3

Tripartite similarity values obtained from comparisons of total corticioids of the Caucasus, Europe, eastern N America, western N America, East Asia, and India. Numbers in square brackets are a, b, and c, respectively (a = the number of entries common to both lists, b = the number of entries in the first list that are not in the second, and c = the number of entries in the second list that are not in the first). Area abbreviations are as in Fig. 1. For EAS in this Table, only China could be included. The number of species from each area for calculations on total corticioids is as the following: CAU = 380, ECEU = 602, NEU = 600, MEU = 649, WNAM = 473, ENAM = 587, EAS = 438, IND = 276, Europe = 781 (DOC 50 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 1

Northern Hemisphere Pleistocene glacial refugia (black), and the present temperate (dark grey) and boreal (light grey) forests. Black areas mainly after Milne (2006), Taberlet et al. (1998), and Tarasov et al. (2000). Grey areas after Lomolino et al. (2006). See also Svenning et al. (2008) who propose larger refugia areas in Europe esp. for a number of boreal plant species (JPEG 28 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 2630 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Pie chart representing the percentage of the corticioids occurring in the Caucasus region but originally described from places other than this region. Only seven percent of the corticioids of the Caucasus were originally described from this region, while the majority of the species (71%) have been described from Europe. (PDF 105 kb)

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Ghobad-Nejhad, M., Hallenberg, N., Hyvönen, J. et al. The Caucasian corticioid fungi: level of endemism, similarity, and possible contribution to European fungal diversity. Fungal Diversity 52, 35–48 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0122-0

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