Abstract
Herein, a miniaturized, three-electrode paper-based electrochemical sensing platform for selective and sensitive electroanalytical sensing of hypochlorite has been reported. A hybrid method for fabricating the electrochemical device on the paper-based substrate, using ink-jet printing with conductive carbon inks as counter and reference electrode, has been demonstrated. Further, a CuO@Graphite sheet was incorporated separately using adhesive double-sided tape on the paper-based substrate, which served as the working electrode. The prepared device was subjected to hypochlorite solution of 1 mM to explore the electrochemical behavior of chlorine. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SQWV) were leveraged in the potential window of − 0.7 V to 0 V for conducting the experiments, whereby a sharp reduction peak at a peak potential E0 = − 0.43 V vs Ag/AgCl was obtained. Further, the consequence of potential scan rate and the effect of concentration and interference from other chemicals were also analyzed. A linear concentration range of 90–10 nM and a detection limit of 13.15 nM (9.78 × 10–4 ppm) with standard deviation of 1.013 were obtained. The fabricated paper-based electrode system was also tested on real samples such as lake water and tap water and the results are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bujes-Garrido J, Arcos-Martínez MJ (2016) Disposable sensor for electrochemical determination of chloride ions. Talanta 155:153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.038
Bujes-Garrido J, Arcos-Martínez MJ (2017) Development of a wearable electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of chloride ions. Sens Actuat B Chem 240:224–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.119
Cunha-Silva H, Julia Arcos-Martinez M (2019) Development of a selective chloride sensing platform using a screen-printed platinum electrode. Talanta 195:771–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.008
De Araujo WR, Paixão WR (2014) Fabrication of disposable electrochemical devices using silver ink and office paper. Analyst 139:2742–2747. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4an00097h
Endo T, Yoshimura T, Esumi K (2004) Voltammetric study of sodium hypochlorite using dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 269:364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00674-X
Goel USJS (2020) Flexible and optimized carbon paste electrodes for direct electron transfer—based glucose biofuel cell fed by various physiological fluids. Appl Nanosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01543-3
Hsu LHH, Hoque E, Kruse P, Ravi Selvaganapathy P (2015) A carbon nanotube based resettable sensor for measuring free chlorine in drinking water. Appl Phys Lett. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907631
Kim KW, Lee EH, Chung DY et al (2012) Manufacture characteristics of metal oxide–hydroxides for the catalytic decomposition of a sodium hypochlorite solution. Chem Eng J 200–202:52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.026
Kruse P (2018) Review on water quality sensors. J Phys D Appl Phys. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabb93
Kudr J, Zitka O, Klimanek M et al (2017) Microfluidic electrochemical devices for pollution analysis—a review. Sens Actuat B Chem 246:578–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.052
Kumar DR, Kesavan S, Nguyen TT et al (2017) Polydopamine@electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode for electrochemical detection of free-chlorine. Sens Actuat B Chem 240:818–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.025
Malmir M, Afkhami A, Madrakian T et al (2020) Nanoalumina modified carbon paste electrode for sensitive and rapid determination of hypochlorite ion by differential pulse voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem Res 7:99–109. https://doi.org/10.22036/abcr.2019.186819.1347
Malon RSP, Heng LY, Córcoles EP (2017) Recent developments in microflluidic paper-, cloth-, and thread-based electrochemical devices for analytical chemistry. Rev Anal Chem 36:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2016-0018
Mohan JM, Amreen K, Javed A et al (2020) Modified graphite paper based miniaturized electrochemically optimized hydrazine sensing platform. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 9:115001. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ab951a
Mohan JM, Amreen K, Kulkarni MB et al (2021) Optimized ink jetted paper device for electroanalytical detection of picric acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 208:112056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112056
Muñoz J, Céspedes F, Baeza M (2015) Modified multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy amperometric nanocomposite sensors with CuO nanoparticles for electrocatalytic detection of free chlorine. Microchem J 122:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.05.001
Murali J, Khairunnisa M, Arshad A et al (2020) Miniaturized electrochemical platform with ink-jetted electrodes for multiplexed and interference mitigated biochemical sensing. Appl Nanosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01480-1
Slaughter RJ, Watts M, Vale JA et al (2019) The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite. Clin Toxicol 57:303–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1543889
Soundappan T, Haddad K, Kavadiya S et al (2017) Crumpled graphene oxide decorated SNO2 nanocolumns for the electrochemical detection of free chlorine. Appl Nanosci 7:645–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0603-x
Spencer HR, Ike V, Brennan PA (2007) Review: The use of sodium hypochlorite in endodontics—potential complications and their management. Br Dent J 202:555–559. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdj.2007.374
Thiagarajan S, Wu ZY, Chen SM (2011) Amperometric determination of sodium hypochlorite at poly MnTAPP-nano Au film modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem 661:322–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.08.009
Tomei MR, Arduini F, Neagu D, Moscone D (2018) Carbon black-based disposable sensor for an on-site detection of free chlorine in swimming pool water. Talanta 189:262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.005
Watanabe T, Akai K, Einaga Y (2016) The reduction behavior of free chlorine at boron-doped diamond electrodes. Electrochem Commun 70:18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.010
Wilson RE, Stoianov I, O’Hare D (2018) Continuous chlorine detection in drinking water and a review of new detection methods. Johnson Matthey Technol Rev 63:103–118. https://doi.org/10.1595/205651318x15367593796080
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (Grant No. SPG/2021/001087) for funding this research work. Dr. Khairunnnisa Amreen acknowledges St. Anns College for women-Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad, for their support and expresses her gratitude to Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (DHR- ICMR) for providing financial assistance (Grant No. YSS/2020/000086).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The corresponding author declares there were no conflicting interests on behalf of all authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ray, A., Mohan, J.M., Amreen, K. et al. Ink-jet-printed CuO nanoparticle-enhanced miniaturized paper-based electrochemical platform for hypochlorite sensing. Appl Nanosci 13, 1855–1861 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02235-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02235-2