Abstract
Nowadays, there has been a marked increase in the use of biopolymer-based packaging, which improves or extends the shelf life of the food materials. This research aims to obtain a better understanding of the use of natural polymer (cellulose) as well as clay nanoparticles (CNP) for fabrication of eco-friendly and economical unique food packaging material. The fiber nanocrystals (FNC) were obtained from areca nut (Areca catechu) waste using both chemical and physical treatments. Different analytical techniques were used to confirm the size, crystallinity, and purity of the FNC. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to confirm the morphology, size distribution and topography of FNC. The nanobiocomposite material was developed by the combination of FNC, clay nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol, and fennel seed oil. The nanobiocomposite was further analyzed for tensile strength/elongation property, thermal degradation property, optical property, antioxidant, antimicrobial property, and contact angle measurement. The FNC-clay nanoparticle-fennel seed oil incorporated PVA based material showed increased mechanical property, improved optical and thermal property than normal PVA film. The results suggest that the fabricated nanobiocomposite material having enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The hydrophobic nature of the PVA incorporated nanobiocomposite was improved by the addition of the clay nanoparticles and the unique combination of the material can revolutionize the food packaging industry.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The research data are not shared.
References
Adapa PK, Tabil LG, Schoenau GJ, Canam T, Dumonceaux T (2011) Quantitative analysis of lignocellulose components of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat, and wheat straw using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. J Agric Sci Technol B1:177–188 (ISSN: 1939–250)
Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues—wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99:1664–1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.029
Banat FA, Al-Asheh A-B, Hayajneh O (2000) Adsorption of phenol by bentonite. Environ Pollut 103:391–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00173-6
Bender M (2018) An earth law frame work for marine protected areas; adopting a holistic, system and rights- based approach to ocean governance. Sarasota, Florida, USA
Bhanu Rekha V, Ramachandralu K, Vishak S (2015) Arecanut Catecheu husk fiber and polypropylene blended nonwovens for medical textiles. Int J Pharm Tech Res 8:512–530 (ISSN: 0974–4304)
Brito BSL, Pereira FV, Putaux JL, Jean B (2012) Preparation, morphology and structure study of cellulose nanocrystals from bamboo fibers. Cellulose 19:1527–1536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9738-9
de Oliveira Santos VT, Siqueira G, Milagres AM, Ferraz A (2018) Role of hemicellulose removal during dilute acid pretreatment on the cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis of compositionally diverse sugarcane hybrids. J Ind Crop Prod 111:722–730. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01540
Deepa B, Abraham E, Cordeiro N, Mozetic M, Mathew AP, Oksman K, Faria M, Thomas S, Pothan LA (2015) Utilization of various lignocellulosic biomass for the production of nanocellulose: a comparative study. Cellulose 22:1075–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0554-
Devaki E, Sangeetha K (2017) Extraction and characterisation of natural cellulosic husk fibre Areca Catechul. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 5:1468–1472. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.11212
Diao WR, Hu QP, Zhang H, Xu JG (2014) Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of fennel seed oil from seeds of fennel (Feniculum vulgare Mill). Food Control 35:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.056
Ferreira CO, Nunes CA, Delgadillo I, Lopes-da-Silva JA (2009) Characterization of chitosan-whey protein films at acid pH. Food Res Int 42:807–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.005
Ferreira FV, Mrriano M, Rabelo SC, Gouveria RF, Lona LMF (2018) Isolation and surface modification of cellulose nano crystals from sugarcane bagasse waste: from a micro- to a nano-scale view. Appl Surf Sci 436:1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.137
Fortunati E, Puglia D, Monti M, Peponi L, Santulli C, Kenny JM, Torre L (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from Phormium tenax fibers. J Polym Environ 21:319–328. https://doi.org/10.12691/jmpc-2-1-1
Gorchakov R, Frolova E, Sawicki S, Atasheva S, Sawicki D, Frolov I (2008) A new role for ns polyprotein cleavage in Sindbis virus replication. J Virol 82:6218–6231. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02624-07
Itagi M, Annapurna BP (2019) Evaluation of strength properties of hybrid fiber (plastic+coir+arecanut husk) reinforced concrete. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 8:3098–3101 (ISSN: 2278–3075)
Jancy S, Shruthy R, Preetha R (2020) Fabrication of packaging film reinforced with cellulose nanoparticles synthesized from jackfruit non-edible part using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 142:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.066
Julia Chandra CS, George N, Narayanankutty SK (2016) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from arecanut husk fibre. Carbohydr Polym 142:158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.015
Kamdem DP, Shen Z, Nabinejad O, Shu Z (2019) Development of biodegradable composite chitosan-based films incorporated with xylan and carvacol for food packaging application. Food Packag Shelf Life 21:100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100344
Li MC, Wu Q, Song K, Lee S, Qing Y, Wu Y (2015) Cellulose nanoparticles: structure–morphology–rheology relationship. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:821–832. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03510
Lopez-Mata MA, Ruiz-Cruz S, Silva-Beltran NP, Ornelas-Paz JD, Zamudio- Flores PB, Burruel-Ibarra SE (2013) Physicochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan film incorporated with carvacrol. Molecules 18:13735–13753. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113735
Lynda B, Williams DW, Metge DE, Dennis RW, Harvey AG, Turner P (2011) What makes a natural clay antibacterial. Environ Sci Technol 45:3768–3773. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1040688
Mandal A, Chakrabarty D (2011) Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydr Polym 86:1291–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.030
Mastelic J, Jerkovic I, Blazevic I, Poljak-Blazi M, Borovic S, Ivancic-Bace I, Smrecki V, Zarkovic N, Brcic-Kostic K, Vikic D (2008) Comparative study on the antioxidant and biological activities of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 56:3989–3996. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073272v
Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Salahi S, Hosseini M, Amani AM, Babapoor A (2018) Development of clay nanoparticles towards bio and medical applications. Curr Top Util Clay Ind Med Appl 8:16–191. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77341
Muralidhar N, Kaliveeran V, Arumugam V, Srinivasula Reddy I (2019) A study on arecanut husk fiber extraction, composite panel preparation and mechanical characteristics of the composites. J Inst Eng India Ser D 100:135–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-019-00186-1
Noshirvani N, Ghanbarzadeh B, Fasihi H, Almasi H (2016) Starch-PVA nanocomposite film incorporated with cellulose nanocrystals and MMT: a comparative study. Int J Food Eng 12:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2015-0145
Preetha R, Vijayan KK, Jayapraksh NS, Alavandi SV, Santiago TC, Bright Singh IS (2015) Optimization of culture conditions for mass production of the probiotics Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and 103 antagonistic to pathogenic vibrios in aquaculture. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 7:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-015-9185-7
Rahman MS (2006) State diagram of foods: its potential use in food processing and product stability. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.09.009
Rasheed S, Dasti AA (2003) Quality and mechanical properties of plant commercial fibres. Pak J Biol Sci 6:840–843. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.840.843
Rhim JW, Park HM, Ha CS (2013) Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Prog Polym Sci 38:1629–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008
Roby MHH, Sarhana MA, Selima Khalel Ibrahim KAH, Khalela KI (2013) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Ind Crop Prod 44:437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.012
Sablani SS, Syamaladevi RM, Swanson BG (2010) A review of methods, data and applications of state diagrams of food systems. Food Eng Rev 2:168–203. https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-3efk-7f80
Sain M, Panthapulakkal S (2006) Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibers and their characterization. Ind Crop Prod 23:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.01.006
Sheela Devi S, Dhanalakshmi J, Selvi S (2013) The antibacterial and antifungal activity of lectin from seeds of Pongamiaglabra. Int J Curr Biotechnol 1:10–14
Shruthy R, Preetha R (2019) Cellulose nanoparticles from agro industrial waste for the development of active packaging. Appl Surf Sci 484:1274–2128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.003
Shruthy R, Jancy S, Preetha R (2020) Cellulose nanoparticles synthesized from potato peel for the development of active packaging film for enhancement of shelf life of raw prawns (Penaus monodon) during frozen storage. Int J Food Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJFS.14551
Sirait M, Bukit N, Siregar N (2017) Preparation and characterization of natural bentonite in to nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. AIP Conf Proc 1801:020001–020006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973084
Venugopal B (2016) Isolation of cellulose nano fibers from arecanut spathe and its characterization. Int J Adv Res Eng Technol 10:109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.015
Wang LY, Dong Y, Men HT, Tong J, Zhou J (2013) Preparation and characterization of action materials based on chitosan incorporated tea polyphenols. Food Hydrocoll 32:35–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200611034
Yuan Y, Lee TR (2013) Contact angle and wetting properties. In: Bracco G, Holst B (eds) Surface science techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1
Zugenmarier P (2008) Crystalline cellulose and derivatives, characterization and structure. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73934-0
Acknowledgements
First author acknowledges NCESS, Akkulam, Kerala to providing a facility for Scanning Electron Microscopic study. Also acknowledge Central Laboratory for instrumentation and Facility (CLIF), University of Kerala, Kariavattom to providing a facility for TGA, DSC and AFM studies. The authors acknowledged SRM Central Instrumentation Facility SRM Institute of Science and Technology for providing analysis facility. The authors acknowledged School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) and Nanotechnology Research Center (NRC), SRMIST for providing analysis facilities. We express our thanks to Prof. C. Muthamizchelvan, Director (Engineering and Technology), SRM Institute of Science and Technology and Dr. M. Vairamani, Dean, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology for cordial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval is not required for this research.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ramesh, S., Radhakrishnan, P. Areca nut fiber nano crystals, clay nano particles and PVA blended bionanocomposite material for active packaging of food. Appl Nanosci 12, 295–307 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01617-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01617-2