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Pocillopora cryptofauna and their response to host coral mortality

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Abstract

The cryptofauna are the small cryptic organisms that inhabit the interstices of coral colonies and have a great contribution to the biodiversity of the reef. Some of these species are vulnerable to environmental deterioration due to their dependency on living coral. In the 1990s, Culebra Bay, located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, was considered one of the most important reef areas in the country, with a mean live coral cover over 40%. However, in the last two decades there was a drastic decrease in live coral cover to 5%, due to El Niño events and recurrent harmful phytoplankton blooms. To evaluate the effect of the deterioration of the reef on the cryptofauna, we compare two time periods: before (2003–2004) and after (2013–2014) coral decline. Pocillopora spp. colonies (~20 cm high by ~20 cm wide) were collected and all associated invertebrates removed. Twenty colonies were sampled each period. During the first period, sampled colonies were alive and healthy, whereas a decade later, exposed skeletons of dead colonies were sampled. A total of 3482 invertebrate individuals were found, belonging to 133 species, 72 families, and nine classes. While abundance and diversity were greater during the 2013–2014 period, we hypothesize that this is due to disturbance intensity being intermediate to high. If these conditions are persistent or intensify over time, however, we expect that once all substrate and reef structure is lost, an abrupt decline in cryptofauna abundance and diversity will take place. Reefs with dead corals therefore have a remarkably different composition of the cryptofauna. Obligate commensal fauna were replaced by boring, opportunistic, and facultative species in these habitats. These changes in live coral cover favored an increase in the diversity of organisms, but this enhanced diversity may be temporary as bioerosion reduces dead colonies to skeleton rubble. This change in the cryptofauna community can affect the recovery and sustainability of the reef ecosystem over time.

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Acknowledgements

The present investigation would not have been possible without the support of the following people and institutions: C. Fernández-García, J. Nivia-Ruiz, K. García, J.C. Azofeifa, S. Mena, A. Beita, Deep Blue Diving, Ecodesarrollo Papagayo S.A., Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT), and Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR). We are grateful to B. Chomitz, for his review and comments that improved this paper.

Funding

This project was financed through the fund 1312–01 of the Foundation of the University of Costa Rica.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica

    Carolina Salas-Moya, Rita Vargas-Castillo, José Miguel Valverde, Fiorella Vásquez-Fallas, Jeffrey Sibaja-Cordero & Juan José Alvarado

  2. Posgrado en Biología, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica

    Sònia Fabregat-Malé

  3. Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica

    Rita Vargas-Castillo, Jeffrey Sibaja-Cordero & Juan José Alvarado

  4. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica

    Jeffrey Sibaja-Cordero & Juan José Alvarado

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Contributions

Conceptualization: JJA, CSM.

Methodology and field work: JJA, CSM.

Data analysis: All authors.

Original draft: JJA, CSM, SFM.

Review and edition of the final draft: all authors.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Juan José Alvarado.

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Salas-Moya, C., Fabregat-Malé, S., Vargas-Castillo, R. et al. Pocillopora cryptofauna and their response to host coral mortality. Symbiosis 84, 91–103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00771-7

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