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Primary symbiont of the ancient scale insect family Coelostomidiidae exhibits strict cophylogenetic patterns

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Abstract

Bacterial symbionts play a critical role in the physiology, ecology and evolution of a diverse range of insects. Such symbionts with unknown roles in the ecology and evolution of their hosts have been reported from archaeococcoid scale insects of family Coelostomidiidae. We examine in detail the bacterial community associated with the remaining species of this family, and calculate the cophylogenetic relationship between the hosts and their symbionts. The 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I genes were used to reconstruct the host phylogeny while the 16S rRNA gene was used for the bacterial phylogeny. Three well-supported clades were detected within the phylogeny of the monophyletic family Coelostomidiidae. Besides the known symbionts, a novel Sodalis-like symbiont was detected from three of the species. The primary bacteriome inhabiting B-symbiont (Bacteroidetes; ‘Candidatus Hoataupuhia coelostomidicola’) was widespread across the host family. Cophylogenetic comparison using Jungles-based reconciliation analysis and ParaFit statistical test revealed a strongly congruent phylogeny of this symbiont with the host family, with no host-switches and few losses and duplications. A similar pattern was observed across a relatively unrelated neococcoid family that exhibits a different physiology and symbiont community, besides a related Bacteroidetes symbiont. We reconfirm that the B-symbiont is a primary symbiont, owing to its strongly congruent evolution with the host and its bacteriome-inhabiting nature. Our analysis affirms recent suggestions that the Bacteroidetes-affiliated symbionts may have driven the hyper-diversification of scale insects worldwide.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Sandra Anderson, Robert Brown, Auckland Regional Council and Department of Conservation, New Zealand for facilitating scale insect collections. We are grateful to Dr Bevan Weir for valuable advice on the manuscript and Te Haumihiata from the Maori Language Commission, New Zealand for help with the naming of the B-symbiont. Funding was provided by a University of Auckland International Doctoral Scholarship to M.K.D. and a University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund grant (9841 3624443) to J.R.B and M.W.T.

Data Accessibility

DNA sequences: GenBank accessions JX513961 - JX514003, KC447385 - KC447453 and KF697119.

Specimen vouchers: Voucher slides of specimens are accessioned in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection slide collection (institute code: NZAC), Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand. Accession numbers are in Table 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Microbial Innovation, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Manpreet K. Dhami & Michael W. Taylor

  2. The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Manpreet K. Dhami, Jacqueline R. Beggs & Michael W. Taylor

  3. Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

    Thomas R. Buckley

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  1. Manpreet K. Dhami
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  2. Thomas R. Buckley
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Correspondence to Manpreet K. Dhami.

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Dhami, M.K., Buckley, T.R., Beggs, J.R. et al. Primary symbiont of the ancient scale insect family Coelostomidiidae exhibits strict cophylogenetic patterns. Symbiosis 61, 77–91 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-013-0257-8

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