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Transformed Understanding or Enlightened Ableism? The Gap Between Policy and Practice for Children with Disabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand

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Abstract

The concept of inclusion in the New Zealand legislative and policy environment is articulated in a liberal human rights discourse intended to redress past practices of segregation and exclusion. Such discourse has provided the early childhood sector with new ways to speak about disability and inclusion. There is, however, a growing body of evidence to show that how teachers speak about inclusion is frequently not reflected in practices in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) settings. The emerging evidence reported in this article is drawn from an ongoing research project which, in part, examines the views of inclusion elicited through semi-structured interviews with teachers, owners and managers in long-day ECEC—the facilities designed to accommodate adults’ usual working hours. The larger study aims to examine tensions and complexities for teachers, owners and managers in long-day ECEC alongside the views and experiences of parents of children with disabilities. The concept of ‘enlightened ableism’ is introduced to frame an argument that teacher-speak, while overtly liberal, may be combining with a nervousness about disability and inclusion that raises challenges for progressing inclusive practice. Furthermore, current discursive contradictions between liberalism and neoliberalism in the sector appear to be contributing to some teachers’ uncertainty about ways to progress beyond the rhetoric of inclusion. The study is embedded in the Disability Studies literature and informed by Foucauldian theorising about discourse and power. This paper responds to the question: Has legislation and policy transformed understandings about disability and inclusion or merely provided an enlightened rhetoric, which serves to mask the continuation of ableist practices and thinking in the sector?

Résumé

Le concept de l’inclusion dans la législation et politique en Nouvelle-Zélande s’inscrit dans un discours libéral sur les droits humains dans l’intention de redresser les pratiques passées d’exclusion et de ségrégation. Ce discours a donné au secteur de l’éducation préscolaire de nouvelles façons de parler de handicap et d’inclusion. Cependant, de plus en plus de résultats de recherche indiquent que la façon dont les enseignants parlent de l’inclusion des enfants handicapés ne se reflète souvent pas dans les pratiques observées dans les milieux d’éducation et de garde préscolaires. Les résultats émergents rapportés dans cet article proviennent d’un projet de recherche en cours qui examine en partie les perspectives sur l’inclusion obtenues par entrevues semi structurées d’éducateurs, directeurs, propriétaires ainsi que de parents de centres préscolaires conçus pour s’accommoder aux heures de travail habituelles des adultes. L’étude plus large vise à étudier les tensions et la situation complexe vécues par les enseignants, les directeurs et les propriétaires de tels centres par rapport aux points de vue et expériences des parents d’enfants handicapés. Le concept de «capacité éclairée» (enlightened ableism) est introduit pour soutenir l’argumentaire selon lequel, bien qu’ouvertement libéral, le discours des enseignants pourrait se combiner à une nervosité relative au handicap et à l’inclusion qui crée des défis au progrès des pratiques inclusives. De plus, les contradictions discursives actuelles entre libéralisme et néolibéralisme dans le secteur semblent contribuer à une certaine incertitude des enseignants sur les façons de progresser au-delà de la rhétorique de l’inclusion. Cette étude fait partie de la littérature sur les handicaps et suit l’approche théorique de Foucault sur le discours et le pouvoir. Cet article répond à la question suivante: La législation et les politiques ont-elles transformé la compréhension du handicap et de l’inclusion, ou ont-elles tout simplement fourni une rhétorique éclairée qui sert à masquer la poursuite des pratiques et des idées de «capacité» dans le secteur.

Resumen

El concepto de la inclusión en el ámbito legislativo y político de Nueva Zelanda se contextualiza en un discurso sobre derechos humanos que intenta re-direccionar prácticas pasadas de exclusión y segregación. Este discurso ha proporcionado al sector de la educación preescolar nuevos recursos para hablar sobre discapacidad e inclusión. Sin embargo, hay cada vez más evidencia de que la manera en como los docentes hablan de inclusión de los niños con discapacidades no se refleja en las prácticas vistas en la educación preescolar. La evidencia emergente y reportada en este artículo sale de un proyecto de investigación en curso en el que se examinan las perspectivas sobre la inclusión a través de entrevistas informales con docentes, directores y dueños de establecimientos de educación preescolar que dan servicios a padres que trabajan. La investigación vista de un modo más amplio, está dirigida a estudiar las tensiones y complejidades de los docentes, directores y dueños de la educación preescolar al igual que las perspectivas y experiencias de los padres de los niños con discapacidades. El concepto de ‘enlightened ableism’ se introduce para dar un marco al argumento de que aunque lo que dicen los docentes puede ser entendido como ‘demasiado liberal’, lo cierto es que evidencia nerviosismo al hablar sobre las discapacidades y el concepto de inclusión. Esta disyunción crea tensiones al querer avanzar una práctica inclusiva. Además, las contradicciones discursivas presentes que existen entre el liberalismo y el neoliberalismo en la educación parecen contribuir a la incertidumbre de algunos docentes sobre cómo superar la retórica oficial. Este estudio se enmarca en la literatura sobre discapacidades y, en particular, sigue un enfoque teórico a partir del trabajo de Foucault sobre discurso y poder. Este artículo trata de dilucidar si las leyes y políticas han transformado nuestra comprensión de discapacidad e inclusión, o si simplemente han ampliado la retórica existente lo que cubriría la continuación de prácticas e ideas ableistas en el sector.

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Correspondence to Lesley Lyons.

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Lyons, L. Transformed Understanding or Enlightened Ableism? The Gap Between Policy and Practice for Children with Disabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand. IJEC 45, 237–249 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-013-0086-1

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