Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent bloedite from İshaklı Lake, Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Turkey: a mineralogical and hydrogeochemical investigation

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Carbonates and Evaporites Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bloedite (Na2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O), which is a sodium-magnesium sulfate mineral, has been determined for the first time in Turkey, in the İshaklı Lake within the Çankırı-Çorum Basin. The İshaklı Lake is a seasonal playa lake which is an east–west extending lake with an area of 0.22 km2. Geochemical analyses (XRD, XRF, SEM) of the mineral crust samples indicate that they are composed chiefly of bloedite and thenardite (Na2SO4) minerals and lesser amounts of halite (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). In the blodite-thenardite association, thenardite mineral grows on bloedite crystals and it is crystallized after bloedite. The well and the spring (and fountain) waters in the vicinity of the lake are saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, aragonite and talc minerals. In the waters of the İshaklı Lake, however, the degree of saturation of these minerals gradually increases and they become saturated with respect to anhydrite and gypsum as well. Lake waters represent a hydrochemical facies of Na–Mg–SO4–Cl (type I). Tritium data (3H) indicate that lake waters have higher tritium content (7.55 TU) than the springs and fountains (5.45–6.15 TU), and although there is a thick rock-salt drilled at the bottom of lake (to a depth of 220 m), no recent halite precipitation is observed in the lake bottom. This is attributed to recent recharge and the absence of deep groundwater circulation. The δ18O–δ2H data show that spring and fountain waters are in shallow circulation and have undergone a slight evaporation while waters of İshaklı Lake experienced an intense evaporation. According to Mineral Formation Model proposed herein, a portion of the rainfall reaches directly the lake. Additionally, there is recharge from springs, which travel through the Bozkır Formation and reach the lake. During hot periods, evaporation process begins with carbonate and gypsum precipitation as a white-colored crust on the mud flat along the shore of the lake. Therefore, calcium deficit occurs in the lake water. Further evaporation and possible cation exchange process in clay and muds at the lake bottom might be responsible for the formation of Na-sulfate (bloedite + thenardite) mineralization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akyürek B, Bilginer E, Akbaş B, Hepşen N, Pehlivan Ş, Sunu O, Soysal Y, Çatal E, Dağer Z, Sözeri B, Yıldırım H and Hakyemez Y (1982) Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik dolayının temel jeolojisi. MTA Report No. 7298 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Aziz A (1972) Geology and oil opportunities in the vicinity of İskilip and its south and southwestern parts. MTA Report No. 6132 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Birgili S, Yoldaş R, Ünalan G (1975) Çankırı-Çorum havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları. MTA Report No. 5621 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Çelik M, Ünsal N, Tüfenkçi O, Bolat S (2008) Assessement of water quality and pollution of the Lake Seyfe basin, Kırşehir, Turkey. Environ Geol 55(3):559–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ergun ON (1977) Sedimentology and Tertiary evaporites, Uğurludağ Area Çankırı - Çorum basin, Turkey. Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London, p 260 (Unpublished)

  • Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, New York, p 604

    Google Scholar 

  • Görür N, Oktay FY, Seymen İ, Şengör AMC (1984) Paleotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü Basin complex, Central Turkey. Sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure. In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (eds) The geological evolution of the eastern mediterranean, Geological Society of London special Paper 17:467–482

  • Gündoğan İ (2000) Geology, mineralogy—petrography and economic potential of the Upper Miocene evaporites in the Beypazarı and Çankırı-Çorum Basins. Ph.D. Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, p 254 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Gündoğan İ, Helvacı C (2001) Sedimentological and petrographical aspects of Upper Miocene evaporites in Beypazarı and Çankırı- Çorum Basins, Turkey. Int Geol Rev 43:818–829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakyemez Y, Barkurt MY, Bilginer E, Pehlivan Ş, Can B, Dağer Z, Sözeri B (1986) Yapraklı-llgaz-Çankırı-Çandır dolayının jeolojisi. MTA Report No. 7966 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • IAEA/WMO (2004) Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, the GNIP Database. International Atomic Energy Agency

  • Karadenizli L (1999) Çankırı-Çorum Havzası’ndaki Orta Eosen-Erken Miyosen Tortullarının Sedimantolojisi. Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara University, p 189 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Karadenizli L, Kazancı N (2000) Çankırı-Çorum havzasındaki paleo-yükselti ve alt havzalar. Cumhuriyetin 75. Yıldönümü Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Kongresi, MTA, Ankara, Bildiriler, pp 209–227 (In Turkish)

  • Karadenizli L, Saraç G, Şen Ş, Seyitoğlu G, Antoine PO, Kazancı N, Varol B, Alçiçek MC, Gül A, Erten H, Esat K, Özcan F, Savaşçı D, Antoine A, Filoreau X, Hervet S, Bouvrain G, De Bonis L, Hakyemez Y (2004) Çankırı-Çorum Havzasının batı ve güney kesiminin memeli fosillere dayalı Oligo-Miyosen biyostratigrafisi ve dolgulama evrimi. MTA Report No. 10706 (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Kaymakçı N (2000) Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Çankırı basin (Central Anatolia Turkey). PhD Thesis, Univ. Utrecht, Geologia Ultraiectina 190:247

  • Koçyiğit A (1991) Changing stress orientation in progressive intracontinental deformation is indicated by the Neotectonics of the Ankara Region (NW Central Anatolia). TPJD Bülteni 3(1):43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauskopf KB (1982) Introduction to geochemistry. McGrowHill International Editions, p 617

  • Lopez PL, Mandado JM (2007) Experimental evaporation of suferficial brines from continental playa-lake systems located in Central Ebro Basin (northeast Spain). Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 285:143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman T (1972) Ankara doğusunda Yahşihan bölgesinde Üst Kretase-Alt Tersiyer yaşlı arazinin jeolojisi. Doktora Tezi, ODTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FW, Zhang H (2003) Fundamentals of ground water. Wiley, New York, p 583

    Google Scholar 

  • Şenalp M (1974a) Tertiary sedimantation in part of Çankırı-Çorum basin. Imp. Coll. London, Central Anatolia (Unpublished)

    Google Scholar 

  • Şenalp M (1974b) Çankırı-Çorum havzasının Sungurlu bölgesindeki karasal çökellerin sedimantolojisi. TJK Bülteni 24(1):65–74 (in Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyitoğlu G, Kazancı N, Karakuş K, Fodor L, Araz H, Karadenizli L (1997) Does continuous compressive tectonic regime exist during Late Palaeogene to Late Neogene in NW Central Anatolia, Turkey? Preliminary observations. Turk J Earth Sci 6:77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyitoğlu G, Kazancı N, Karadenizli L, Şen Ş, Varol B, Karabıyıkoğlu T (2001) Rockfall avalanche deposits associated with normal faulting in the NW of Çankırı basin: implication for the post: collisional tectonic evolution of the Neo-Tethyan suture zone. Terra Nova 12(6):245–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sönmez İ (2010) Çankırı-Çorum Havzasında Mevsimlik Göl Alanında Güncel Blödit Oluşumu. MTA Bulletin 140:37–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Sönmez İ (2014) Bozkır Formasyonunda Globerit- Halit Birlikteliği (Pliyosen, Çankırı-Çorum Havzası, Orta Anadolu, Türkiye). MTA Bulletin 149:155–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Tüfenkçi OO (2005) Hydrogeological investigation of the Seyfe Spring and its around (Kırşehir). Ankara University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, MSc Thesis, Ankara (in Turkish; unpublished)

  • Tüysüz O and Dellaloğlu AA (1994) Orta Anadolu’da Çankırı Havzası ve çevresinin Erken Tersiyer’deki paleocoğrafik evrimi. Türkiye 10. Petrol Kongresi ve Sergisi Bildiriler 57–76 (in Turkish)

  • Varol B, Araz H, Karadenizli L, Kazancı N, Seyitoğlu G, Şen Ş (2002) Sedimentology of the Miocene evaporitic succession in the North of Çankırı-Çorum Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Carbonate Evaporite 17(2):197–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoldaş R (1982) Tosya (Kastamonu) ile Bayat (Çorum) arasındaki bölgenin jeolojisi. Ph.D. Thesis Istanbul University, p 311 (in Turkish; unpublished)

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study includes some data obtained within the scope of Central Anatolia Industrial Raw Materials Exploration Project conducted by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). Authors would like to express their thanks to Prof. Dr. Baki Varol (Ankara University) for his contributions to the field and office works, to İnciser Girgin (MTA) and Okan Zimitoğlu (MTA) for their contributions to XRD and SEM examinations and to M. Ali Yastı (MTA) for his help in drawings and Hasan Ünal (MTA) and Murat Akar (MTA) for carrying out water analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı, Çankaya, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    İlhan Sönmez

  2. Geological Engineering Department, Engineering of Faculty, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey

    Mehmet Çelik

Authors
  1. İlhan Sönmez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mehmet Çelik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehmet Çelik.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sönmez, İ., Çelik, M. Recent bloedite from İshaklı Lake, Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Turkey: a mineralogical and hydrogeochemical investigation. Carbonates Evaporites 32, 295–313 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0290-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0290-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation