Abstract
Various types of satellite (AIRS/AMSU, MODIS) and ground measurements are used to analyze temperature trends in the four vertical layers (skin/surface, mid-troposphere, and low stratosphere) around the Korean Peninsula (123–132°E, 33–44°N) during the period from September 2002 to August 2010. The ground-based observations include 72 Surface Meteorological Stations (SMSs), 6 radiosonde stations (RAOBs), 457 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) over the land, and 5 buoy stations over the ocean. A strong warming (0.052 K yr−1) at the surface, and a weak warming (0.004∼0.010 K yr−1) in the mid-troposphere and low stratosphere have been found from satellite data, leading to an unstable atmospheric layer. The AIRS/AMSU warming trend over the ocean surface around the Korean Peninsula is about 2.5 times greater than that over the land surface. The ground measurements from both SMS and AWS over the land surface of South Korea also show a warming of 0.043∼0.082 K yr−1, consistent with the satellite observations. The correlation average (r = 0.80) between MODIS skin temperature and ground measurement is significant. The correlations between AMSU and RAOB are very high (0.91∼0.95) in the anomaly time series, calculated from the spatial averages of monthly mean temperature values. However, the warming found in the AMSU data is stronger than that from the RAOB at the surface. The opposite feature is present above the mid-troposphere, indicating that there is a systematic difference. Warming phenomena (0.012∼0.078 K yr−1) are observed from all three data sets (SMS, AWS, MODIS), which have been corroborated by the coincident measurements at five ground stations. However, it should also be noted that the observed trends are subject to large uncertainty as the corresponding 95% confidence intervals tend to be larger than the observed signals due to large thermal variability and the relatively short periods of the satellitebased temperature records. The EOF analysis of monthly mean temperature anomalies indicates that the tropospheric temperature variability near Korea is primarily linked to the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and secondarily to ENSO (El Niño and Southern Oscillation). However, the low stratospheric temperature variability is mainly associated with Southern Oscillation and then additionally with Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Uncertainties from the different spatial resolutions between satellite data are discussed in the trends.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angell, J. K., 2003: Effect of exclusion of anomalous tropical stations on temperature trends from a 63-station radiosonde network, and comparison with other analyses. J. Climate, 16, 2288–2295.
Bendat, J. S., and A. G. Piersol, 2010: Random Data, Analysis and Measurement Procedures. 4th Ed., Wiley, 604 pp.
Bond, N. A., and D. E. Harrison, 2006: ENSO’s effect on Alaska during opposite phases of the arctic oscillation. Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1821–1841.
Brazel, A. J., G. J. McCabe, Jr, and H. J. Verville, 1993: Incident solar radiation simulated by general circulation models for the southwestern United States. Climate Res., 2, 177–181.
Cagnazzo, C., and E. Manzini, 2009: Impact of the stratosphere on the winter tropospheric teleconnections between ENSO and the North Atlantic and European region. J. Climate, 22, 1223–1238.
Chahine, M. T., H. Aumann, M. Goldberg, L. McMillin, P. Rosenkranz, D. Stealin, L. Strow, and J. Susskind, 2001: AIRS-team retrieval for core products and geophysical parameters. [Available online at http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/for_scientists/atbd/docs/AIRS/atbd-airs-L2.pdf]
Cohen, J., J. Foster, M. Barlow, K. Saito, and J. Jones, 2010: Winter 2009–2010: Case study of an extreme Arctic Oscillation event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L17707, doi:10.1029/2010GL044256.
Coll, C., Z. Wan, and J. M. Galve, 2009: Temperature-based and radiancebased of the V5 MODIS Land surface temperature product. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D20102, doi:10.1029/2009JD012038.
Hall, D. K., J. E. Box, K. A. Casey, S. J. Hook, C. A. Shuman, and K. Steffen, 2008: Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland. Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3739–3749.
Harris, A., 2007: AIRS Version 5.0 Released Files Description. JPL D-38429, 1–190. [Available online at http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/v5_docs/AIRS_V5_Release_User_Docs/V5_Released_ProcFileDesc.pdf]
Horel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1981: Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813–829.
IPCC, 2007: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.: Cambridge University Press. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml.
Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, and A. Grinsted, 2003: Influence of the Arctic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on ice conditions in the Baltic Sea: The wavelet approach. J. Geophys. Res., 108, D21, 4677, doi:10.1029/2003JD003417.
Jin, M., R. E. Dickinson, and A. M. Vogelmann, 1997: A comparison of CCM2-BAT skin temperature and surface-air temperature with satellite and surface observations. J. Climate, 10, 1505–1524.
Kutzbach, J. E., 1967: Empirical eigenvectors of sea-level pressure, surface temperature and precipitation complexes over North America. J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 791–802.
Karl, T. R., S. J. Hassol, C. D. Miller, and W. L. Murray (eds.), 2006: Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. A report by the Climate Change Science Program and Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC, 180 pp., http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap1-1/finalreport/default.htm.
Labitzke, K., and H. van Loon, 1988: Association between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO, and the atmosphere, I, The troposphere and stratosphere on the northern hemisphere winter. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 197–206.
Liu, J., and J. A. Curry, 2004: Recent Arctic Sea ice variability: Connections to the Arctic Oscillation and the ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09211, doi:10.1029/2004GL019858.
Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean, and H. Wanner, 2004: European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science, 303, 1499–1503.
Mostovoy, G. V., R. King, K. R. Reddy, and V. G. Kakani, 2005: Using MODIS LST data for high resolution estimates of daily air temperature over Mississippi. Proc. of the 3rd international workshop on the analysis of multi-temporal remote sensing images, IEEE, CD Rom, 76–80.
NOAA, 2010a: AO index. [Available online at http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table]
_____, 2010b: SO index. [Available online at http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/data/indices/soi]
_____, 2010c: QBO index. [Available online at http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/qbo.u50.index]
Olsen, E., 2007a: AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 5 Level 3 Quick Start. [Available online at http://airs.ipl.nasa.gov/AskAirs]
_____, 2007b: AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 5 L2 Standard Pressure Levels. [Available online at http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/v5_docs/AIRS_V5_Release_User_Docs/V5_L2_Standard_Pressure_Levels.pdf]
_____, and Coauthors, 2007a: AIRS version 5 release level 2 standard product quickstart. [Available online at http://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/v5_docs/AIRS_V5_Release_User_Docs/V5_L2_Standard_Product_QuickStart.pdf]
_____, and Coauthors, 2007b: AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 5 Data Release User Guide, 1–68 [Available online at http:/disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/.../v5.../AIRS_V5_Release_User.../V5_Data_Release_UG.pdf]
_____, E. Fishbein, S-Y Lee, and E. Manning, 2007c: AIRS/AMSU HSB version 5 level 2 product levels, layers and trapezoids. 1–11. [Available online at http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/AIRS/documentation/v5_docs/AIRS_V5_Release_User_Docs/V5_L2_Levels_Layers_Trapezoids.pdf]
Pagano, T. S., and Coauthors, 2006: Version 5 product improvements from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds, Proc. of SPIE, 6408, 640808.
Randel, W. J., and F. Wu, 2006: Biases in stratospheric and tropospheric temperature trends derived from historical radiosonde data. J. Climate, 19, 2094–2104.
Salby, M., P. Callaghan, and D. Shea, 1997: Interdependence of the tropical and extratropical QBO: Relationship to the solar cycle versus a biennial oscillation in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 102, D25, 29789–29798.
Scaife, A., 2010: Stratosphere-troposphere coupling and climate prediction. [Available online at http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/SPARC/DA2010/Tuesday/Scaife.pdf]
_____, and Coauthors, 2008: The CLIVAR C20C Project: Selected 20th century climate events. Climate Dyn., 31, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0451-1.
Susskind, J., 2007: Improved atmospheric soundings and error estimates from analysis of AIRS/AMSU data. Proc. of SPIE, 6684, 66840M.
_____, 2008: Weather and Climate Applications of AIRS/AMSU Sounding Data (ppt data).
_____, C. D. Barnet, and J. M. Blaisdell, 2003: Retrieval of atmospheric and surface parameters from AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds. IEEE TRANS. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 390–409.
_____, ______, ______, L. Iredell, F. Keita, L. Kouvaris, G. Molnar, and M. Chahine, 2006: Accuracy of geophysical parameters derived from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit as a function of fractional cloud cover. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09S17, doi:10.1029/2005JD006272.
_____, and J. Blaisdell, 2008: Improved surface parameter retrievals using AIRS/AMSU Data. Proc. of SPIE, 6966, 696610.
Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1297–1300, doi:10.1029/98GL00950.
Trenberth, K. E., and Coauthors, 2007: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H. L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Wan, Z., Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and Z.-L. Li, 2004: Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 25(1), 261–274.
_____, 2005: Refinements of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature Products. Technical Progress Report Submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NNG01HZ15C, 1–8.
_____, and Z.-L. Li, 2008: Radiance-based validation of the V5 MODIS land-surface temperature product, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 29(17), 5373–5395.
_____, 2009: Collection-5 MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products User’s Guide. 1–30.
Wang, W., S. Liang, and T. Meyers, 2008: Validating MODIS land surface temperature products using long-term nighttime ground measurements. Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 623–635.
Weare, B. C., A. R. Navato, and R. E. Newell, 1976: Empirical orthogonal analysis of Pacific sea surface temperatures. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 671–678.
Wilks, D. S., 1995: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Academic Press, 467 pp.
Willmott, C. J., 1982: Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63, 1309–1313.
WMO, 2010: Assessment of the observed extreme conditions during the 2009/2010 boreal winter. WMO/TD-No. 1550, 1–8.
Yoo, J. -M., and J. A. Carton, 1988: Spatial dependence of the relationship between rainfall and outgoing longwave radiation in the tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 1, 1047–1054.
Yuan, D., and A. K. Savtchenko, 2003: Horizontal sea surface temperature gradients: MODIS satellite observations versus Reynolds analysis. Proc. of IGARSS 2003 meeting, 2003 IEEE, 954–956.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoo, JM., Won, YI., Cho, YJ. et al. Temperature trends in the skin/surface, mid-troposphere and low stratosphere near Korea from satellite and ground measurements. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 47, 439–455 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-011-0029-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-011-0029-4