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Validation of the Spanish Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) with Samples of Spanish and Chilean Children and Adolescents

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Abstract

Objectives

Interest in mindfulness practices aimed at children and adolescents in school and clinical contexts has increased. However, little research on the benefits of mindfulness in these age groups has been conducted. In Spanish-speaking countries, this lack of research may be due to the scarcity of reliable and valid instruments for assessing mindfulness in young people. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) in native Spanish-speaking children and adolescents.

Methods

Two thousand one hundred thirteen children and adolescents from Spain (N = 490 children; N = 629 adolescents) and Chile (N = 307 children; N = 687 adolescents) were assessed. Factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, and measure invariance between countries were examined.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated a unidimensional structure (10 items) that fitted the data better than the bidimensional structure both for children and adolescents in both countries. However, the factor loadings of some items were very low in all samples. After eliminating these items, a new, 7-item version of the CAMM proved to be more valid and reliable. The new version correlated negatively with several mental health measures, thereby supporting its construct validity. Also, the measurement invariance test showed that it is comparable between Spain and Chile, which makes transcultural research possible.

Conclusion

This study shows that the Spanish version of the CAMM adequately assesses mindfulness in children and adolescents. The CAMM is the first mindfulness evaluation measure for children in Spanish.

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Acknowledgments

Special appreciation is expressed to the children and adolescents who participated, as well as to their teachers and parents; all of whom made these studies possible.

Funding

Part of these studies were supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (FPU13/01677) to CGR; in addition, part of this research was supported by the Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development, Project N° 8213005 and the Fund for Innovation and Competitiveness (FIC) of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism, through the Millennium Scientific Initiative, Grant N° IS130005 to AIL. All the other authors received no financial support for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Iván Pavlov, 6, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Carlos García-Rubio, Raquel Rodríguez-Carvajal & David Paniagua

  2. Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile

    Alvaro Ignacio Langer & Catherine Iris Andreu

  3. School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, Valdivia, Chile

    Alvaro Ignacio Langer

  4. School of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Gertrudstrasse 15, 8400, Winterthur, Switzerland

    Philipp Steinebach

  5. School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile

    Catherine Iris Andreu

  6. Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valéncia, Spain

    María Dolores Vara & Ausiás Cebolla

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  1. Carlos García-Rubio
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  3. Alvaro Ignacio Langer
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  8. Ausiás Cebolla
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Contributions

CGR designed the study, assisted with data analyses, wrote the paper, and edited the final manuscript. RRC designed the study, assisted with data analyses, and collaborated in writing and editing the final manuscript. AIL designed the study and collaborated in writing and editing the final manuscript. DP designed the study, performed the main data analyses, and wrote part of the final version of the paper. PS designed the study, assisted with sample collection, and wrote part of the draft version of the paper. CA, MDV, and AC assisted with sample collection and collaborated in the editing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos García-Rubio.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in these studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the two institutional research committees (Autonomous University of Madrid and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the studies.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 8
Full size table

Chilean Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM)

1. Me molesto conmigo mismo/a por tener sentimientos que no me hacen sentido.

2. En el colegio, paso de una clase a otra sin darme cuenta de lo que estoy haciendo

3. Me mantengo ocupado/a para no darme cuenta de mis pensamientos o sentimientos.

4. Me digo a mi mismo/a que no debería sentirme de la manera en que me siento.

5. Alejo de mi los pensamientos que no me gustan

6. Para mi es difícil poner atención a una sola cosa a la vez

7. Pienso en cosas que ocurrieron en el pasado en vez de pensar en las cosas que están pasando en este momento.

8. Me molesto conmigo mismo/a por tener algunos pensamientos.

9. Pienso que algunos de mis sentimientos son malos y que no debiera tenerlos.

10. Me prohíbo tener sentimientos que no me gustan.

  1. The items in italics constitute the version of 7 items

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García-Rubio, C., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Langer, A.I. et al. Validation of the Spanish Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) with Samples of Spanish and Chilean Children and Adolescents. Mindfulness 10, 1502–1517 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01108-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01108-8

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