Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Systematic Review of the Demographic Characteristics of Participants in US-Based Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness-Based Interventions

  • REVIEW
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This systematic review examines the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults enrolled in US-based randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). We conducted a literature search using Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL electronic databases from the earliest available until March 2017. We found 69 randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria. Only one study specifically aimed to test the mindfulness interventions in racial/ethnic minority or lower socio-economic status populations and none reported their effectiveness in these populations. For the 56 articles that reported the proportion of Caucasians in their samples, 79% of all individuals were identified as Caucasian. Out of the 45 studies that reported data on other races and ethnicities, 76% of the individuals were Caucasian, 11% were African-American, 4% were Asian-American, 4% were Hispanic/Latinx, < 1% were American Indian/Native American, and 5% were reported as “other” or multi-ethnic. The three most commonly reported socio-economic characteristics were educational attainment (n = 48), employment/professional status (n = 29), and income (n = 27). The proportion of college graduates in the study samples was higher than the national average in all but one of the studies that reported this data. Most of the studies that reported employment rates had more than half of their participants employed. Of the studies that reported average income, most had more than 50% of their participants making over $40,000 a year. This review highlights the need for increased diversity in randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based interventions as these interventions have great promise to alleviate mental and physical health problems in underserved populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abercrombie, P. D., Zamora, A., & Korn, A. P. (2007). Lessons learned: Providing a mindfulness-based stress reduction program for low-income multiethnic women with abnormal pap smears. Holistic Nursing Practice, 21, 26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams-Campbell, L. L., Ahaghotu, C., Gaskins, M., Dawkins, F. W., Smoot, D., Polk, O. D., et al. (2004). Enrollment of African Americans onto clinical treatment trials: study design barriers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 730–734. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.03.160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alegria, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., . . . Meng, X. L. (2008). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 59, 1264–1272. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.11.1264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Mindfulness Research Association. (2017). AMRA resources and services. Retrieved from https://goamra.org/resources/.

  • Arch, J. J., Ayers, C. R., Baker, A., Almklov, E., Dean, D. J., & Craske, M. G. (2013). Randomized clinical trial of adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction versus group cognitive behavioral therapy for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(4–5), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arean, P. A., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (1996). Issues and recommendations for the recruitment and retention of older ethnic minority adults into clinical research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 875–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artiga, S., Foutz, J., Cornachion, E., & Garfield, R. (2016). Key facts on health and health care by race and ethnicity (#8878). Retrieved from http://files.kff.org/attachment/Chartpack-Key-Facts-on-Health-and-Health-Care-by-Race-and-Ethnicity.

  • Astin, J. A. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 91–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahls, C. (2011). Health policy brief: achieving equity in health. Health Affairs.e doi:https://doi.org/10.1377/hpb20111006.957918

  • Baker, J., Costa, D., Guarino, J. M., & Nygaard, I. (2014). Comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus yoga on urinary urge incontinence: A randomized pilot study with 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits. Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, 20, 141–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, B., Hayney, M. S., Muller, D., Rakel, D., Ward, A., Obasi, C. N., et al. (2012). Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine, 10, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beckles, G. L., & Truman, B. I. (2013). Education and income - United States, 2009 and 2011. Morbidty and Mortality Weekly Report Supplements, 62(3), 9–19 Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a3.htm https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a3.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergen-Cico, D., Possemato, K., & Pigeon, W. (2014). Reductions in cortisol associated with primary care brief mindfulness program for veterans with PTSD. Medical Care, 52, S25–S31. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118, 293–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodenlos, J. S., Strang, K., Gray-Bauer, R., Faherty, A., & Ashdown, B. K. (2017). Male representation in randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based therapies. Mindfulness, 8, 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0646-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., et al. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 71, 547–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., Chawla, N., Simpson, T. L., Ostafin, B. D., et al. (2006). Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors., 20, 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 35, 317–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, W. B., Shahar, B., Szepsenwol, O., & Jacobs, W. J. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves emotional reactivity to social stress: results from a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43, 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. A., Long, H. L., Gould, H., Weitz, T., & Milliken, N. (2000). A conceptual model for the recruitment of diverse women into research studies. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 9, 625–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Coogle, C. L., & Wegelin, J. (2016). A pilot randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for caregivers of family members with dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 20, 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1065790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett-Zeigler, I., Schuette, S., Victorson, D., & Wisner, K. L. (2016a). Mind-body approaches to treating mental health symptoms among disadvantaged populations: a comprehensive review. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 22, 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett-Zeigler, I. E., Satyshur, M. D., Hong, S., Yang, A., Moskowitz, J., & Wisner, K. L. (2016b). Mindfulness based stress reduction adapted for depressed disadvantaged women in an urban federally qualified health center. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 25, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.08.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007). One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, J. F., Crawford, S., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Leung, K., Churchill, L., & Olendzki, N. (2011). Mindfulness training for coping with hot flashes: Results of a randomized trial. Menopause: The journal of the North American Menopause Society, 18, 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318204a05c.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkin, D. C., Sherman, K. J., Balderson, B. H., Cook, A. J., Anderson, M. L., Hawkes, R. J., et al. (2016). Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction vs cognitive behavioral therapy or usual care on back pain and functional limitations in adults with chronic low back pain: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315, 1240–1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., & Malinowski, P. (2011). Mindfulness-based approaches: Are they all the same? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 404–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: A review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Katz, J., Wiley, S. D., Capuano, T., Baker, D. M., Kimmel, S., & Shapiro, S. (2005). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on nurse stress and burnout, part II: a quantitative and qualitative study. Holistic Nursing Practice, 19, 26–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Concato, J., Shah, N., & Horwitz, R. I. (2000). Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 1887–1892. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200006223422507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds 3rd, C. F., & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: the impact of stigma and race. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corsica, J., Hood, M. M., Katterman, S., Kleinman, B., & Ivan, I. (2014). Development of a novel mindfulness and cognitive behavioral intervention for stress-eating: a comparative pilot study. Eating Behaviors, 15, 694–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 491–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., Burklund, L. J., Lieberman, M. D., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., et al. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: a small randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26, 1095–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. D., Myers, H. F., Cole, S. W., & Irwin, M. R. (2009). Mindfulness meditation training effects on CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infected adults: a small randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, M. (2011). Mindfulness-based interventions: an emerging phenomenon. Mindfulness, 2, 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0058-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., et al. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L. W., Lysaker, P. H., Kristeller, J. L., Salyers, M. P., Kovach, A. C., & Woller, S. (2015). Effect of mindfulness on vocational rehabilitation outcomes in stable phase schizophrenia. Psychological Services, 12, 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day, M. A., Thorn, B. E., Ward, L. C., Rubin, N., Hickman, S. D., Scogin, F., & Kilgo, G. R. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of headache pain: a pilot study. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 30, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318287a1dc.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimidjian, S., Goodman, S. H., Felder, J. N., Gallop, R., Brown, A. P., & Beck, A. (2016). Staying well during pregnancy and the postpartum: a pilot randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the prevention of depressive relapse/recurrence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. G., Moskowitz, J. T., Neilands, T. B., Dilworth, S. E., Hecht, F. M., & Johnson, M. O. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for HIV treatment side effects: a randomized, wait-list controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 43, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, M. A. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for underserved populations. In V. M. Follette, J. Briere, D. Rozelle, J. W. Hopper, & D. I. Rome (Eds.), Mindfulness-oriented interventions for trauma: Integrating contemplative practices. New York: Guilford Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, M. A., Bermudez, D., Matas, A., Majid, H., & Myers, N. L. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for low-income, predominantly African American women with PTSD and a history of intimate partner violence. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.08.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E., Delucchi, K. L., Segal, Z. V., Nelson, J. C., McInnes, L. A., et al. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442260.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Erogul, M., Singer, G., McIntyre, T., & Stefanov, D. G. (2014). Abridged mindfulness intervention to support wellness in first-year medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 26(4), 350–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esmer, G., Blum, J., Rulf, J., & Pier, J. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for failed back surgery syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 110, 646–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, C. Y., Reibel, D. K., Longacre, M. L., Rosenzweig, S., Campbell, D. E., & Douglas, S. D. (2010). Enhanced psychosocial well-being following participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program is associated with increased natural killer cell activity. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16, 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felder, J. N., Dimidjian, S., & Segal, Z. (2012). Collaboration in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy—A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, C., Lee, J. K., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Using mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatments with clients from nondominant cultural and/or marginalized backgrounds: Clinical considerations, meta-analysis findings, and introduction to the special series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallegos, A. M., Hoerger, M., Talbot, N. L., Moynihan, J. A., & Duberstein, P. R. (2013). Emotional benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction in older adults: the moderating roles of age and depressive symptom severity. Aging & Mental Health, 17, 823–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvao, M. (2011). Underrepresentation of minorities in clinical trials: a current problem with escalating future implications. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care, 40, 391–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord, S. A., Palsson, O. S., Garland, E. L., Faurot, K. R., Coble, R. S., Mann, J. D., et al. (2011). Mindfulness training reduces the severity of irritable bowel syndrome in women: results of a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 106, 1678–1688. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000092.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J. V., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. G. M. (2015). Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. PLoS One, 10(4), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., … Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014) Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 174, 357–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, J. A., Callaghan, G. M., Hayes, S. C., & Glenn-Lawson, J. L. (2007). Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, J. A., Gilliland, S. S., Perez, G., Upson, D., & Carter, J. S. (2000). Challenges to participating in a lifestyle intervention program: the Native American Diabetes Project. The Diabetes Educator, 26, 681–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Reilly-Spong, M., Wall, M., Winbush, N. Y., Patterson, R., et al. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction versus pharmacotherapy for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 7, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2010.12.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Thomas, W., Reilly-Spong, M., Cramer-Bornemann, M., Nyman, J. A., et al. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for solid organ transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 16(5), 30–38.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G. C. N., Hong, J. J., Zane, N. W. S., & Meyer, O. L. (2011). Culturally competent treatments for Asian Americans: the relevance of mindfulness and acceptance-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 215–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, V. P., Clemow, L., Massion, A. O., Hurley, T. G., Druker, S., & Hebert, J. R. (2012). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychosocial outcomes and quality of life in early-stage breast cancer patients: a randomized trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 131, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1738-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hick, S. F., & Furlotte, C. (2010). An exploratory study of radical mindfulness training with severely economically disadvantaged people: Findings of a Canadian study. Australian Social Work, 63, 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407x.2010.496865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Marques, L., Metcalf, C. A., Morris, L. K., Robinaugh, D. J., et al. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: Effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 786–792. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. W., Fresco, D. M., Myerscough, R., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Carlson, L. E., & Josephson, R. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for prehypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182a3e4e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K., Ziv, M., & Gross, J. J. (2012). A randomized trial of MBSR versus aerobic exercise for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 715–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21863.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jedel, S., Hoffman, A., Merriman, P., Swanson, B., Voigt, R., Rajan, K. B., et al. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction to prevent flare-up in patients with inactive ulcerative colitis. Digestion, 89, 142–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johns, S. A., Brown, L. F., Beck-Coon, K., Monahan, P. O., Tong, Y., & Kroenke, K. (2015). Randomized controlled pilot study of mindfulness-based stress reduction for persistently fatigued cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 24, 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. P. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1212–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: How to cope with stress, pain and illness using mindfulness meditation. New York, NY: Delacorte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M. J., Cropley, T. G., et al. (1998). Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 625–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2013). Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, D. J., Simpson, T. L., Malte, C. A., Felleman, B., Martinez, M. E., & Hunt, S. C. (2016). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in addition to usual care is associated with improvements in pain, fatigue, and cognitive failures among veterans with Gulf War Illness. American Journal of Medicine, 129, 204–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A., & Garland, E. L. (2016). Trauma-informed mindfulness-based stress reduction for female survivors of interpersonal violence: Results from a stage I RCT. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., et al. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killien, M., Bigby, J. A., Champion, V., Fernandez-Repollet, E., Jackson, R. D., Kagawa-Singer, M., et al. (2010). Involving minority and underrepresented women in clinical trials: The National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-based Medicine, 9, 1061–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, L. A., Suyenobu, B. Y., Smith, S. R., Bueller, J. A., Goodman, T., Creswell, J. D., et al. (2011). Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on intrinsic brain connectivity. NeuroImage, 56, 290–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klatt, M. D., Buckworth, J., & Malarkey, W. B. (2009). Effects of low-dose mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-ld) on working adults. Health Education & Behavior, 36, 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198108317627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., et al. (2016). Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in prevention of depressive relapse: An individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized trials. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 73, 565–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lengacher, C. A., Johnson-Mallard, V., Post-White, J., Moscoso, M. S., Jacobsen, P. B., Klein, T. W., et al. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for survivors of breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lengacher, C. A., Reich, R. R., Paterson, C. L., Ramesar, S., Park, J. Y., Alinat, C., et al. (2016). Examination of broad symptom improvement resulting from mindfulness-based stress reduction in breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34, 2827–2834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, R., Jarski, R., Rea, H., Gellish, R., & Vicini, F. (2012). Improving symptoms and quality of life of female cancer survivors: A randomized controlled study. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 19, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-011-2051-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maccoon, D. G., Imel, Z. E., Rosenkranz, M. A., Sheftel, J. G., Weng, H. Y., Sullivan, J. C., et al. (2012). The validation of an active control intervention for mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(1), 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, S. C., & Olfson, M. (2010). National trends in the treatment for depression from 1998 to 2007. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1265–1273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matchim, Y., Armer, J. M., & Stewart, B. R. (2011). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on health among breast cancer survivors. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33, 996–1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945910385363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, K. A., & Gallo, L. C. (2011). Psychological perspectives on pathways linking socioeconomic status and physical health. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 501–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menke, R., & Flynn, H. (2009). Relationships between stigma, depression, and treatment in white and African American primary care patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a6162e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moitra, E., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2011). Acceptance-based behavior therapy to promote HIV medication adherence. AIDS Care, 23, 1660–1667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.579945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morone, N. E., Greco, C. M., Moore, C. G., Rollman, B. L., Lane, B., Morrow, L. A., et al. (2016). A mind-body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 176, 329–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morone, N. E., Greco, C. M., & Weiner, D. K. (2008). Mindfulness meditation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults: A randomized controlled pilot study. Pain, 134, 310–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morone, N. E., Rollman, B. L., Moore, C. G., Qin, L., & Weiner, D. K. (2009). A mind-body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: Results of a pilot study. Pain Medicine, 10, 1395–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00746.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A. S., Reibel, D. K., Greeson, J. M., Thapar, A., Bubb, R., Salmon, J., & Newberg, A. B. (2015). An adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction program for elders in a continuing care retirement community: Quantitative and qualitative results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 34, 518–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464814559411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, H. (2009). Ethnicity- and socio-economic status-related stresses in context: An integrative review and conceptual model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 9–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (2016). Health, United States, 2015: Wtih Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of young children with developmental delays: Implications for parental mental health and child behavior problems. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 174–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neighbors, H. W., Caldwell, C., Williams, D. R., Nesse, R., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., et al. (2007). Race, ethnicity, and the use of services for mental disorders: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 485–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojeda, V. D., & Bergstresser, S. M. (2008). Gender, race-ethnicity, and psychosocial barriers to mental health care: An examination of perceptions and attitudes among adults reporting unmet need. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 317–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oken, B. S., Fonareva, I., Haas, M., Wahbeh, H., Lane, J. B., Zajdel, D., & Amen, A. (2010). Pilot controlled trial of mindfulness meditation and education for dementia caregivers. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16, 1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0733.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Olfson, M., Marcus, S. C., Druss, B., Elinson, L., Tanielian, T., & Pincus, H. A. (2002). National trends in the outpatient treatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 203–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oman, D., Shapiro, S. L., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 56, 569–578. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.569-578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, J. C., Manber, R., Segal, Z., Xia, Y., Shapiro, S., & Wyatt, J. K. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for chronic insomnia. Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 37, 1553–1566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J. E., Schorling, J., Plews-Ogan, M., Goodman, M., Moorman, R., Zaklin, R., & Dent, J. (2016). A randomized controlled trial evaluating mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for the treatment of palpitations: A pilot study. International Journal of Cardiology, 223, 25–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palta, P., Page, G., Piferi, R., Gill, J., Hayat, M., Connolly, A., & Szanton, S. (2012). Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention program to decrease blood pressure in low-income African-American older adults. Journal of Urban Health, 89(2), 308–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paskett, E. D., Reeves, K. W., McLaughlin, J. M., Katz, M. L., McAlearney, A. S., Ruffin, M. T., et al. (2008). Recruitment of minority and underserved populations in the United States: The Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities experience. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29, 847–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2008.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pbert, L., Madison, J. M., Druker, S., Olendzki, N., Magner, R., Reed, G., et al. (2012). Effect of mindfulness training on asthma quality of life and lung function: A randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 67, 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pipe, T. B., Bortz, J. J., Dueck, A., Pendergast, D., Buchda, V., & Summers, J. (2009). Nurse leader mindfulness meditation program for stress management: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 39, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0b013e31819894a0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plews-Ogan, M., Owens, J. E., Goodman, M., Wolfe, P., & Schorling, J. (2005). A pilot study evaluating mindfulness-based stress reduction and massage for the management of chronic pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20, 1136–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Thuras, P., Moran, A., Lamberty, G. J., Collins, R. C., et al. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 314, 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan, E. K., Baumgarten, M., Langenberg, P., Handwerger, B., Gilpin, A. K., Magyari, T., et al. (2007). Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57, 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pyatak, E. A., Blanche, E. I., Garber, S. L., Diaz, J., Blanchard, J., Florindez, L., & Clark, F. A. (2013). Conducting intervention research among underserved populations: Lessons learned and recommendations for researchers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94, 1190–1198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, C. J., Keng, S. L., Ekblad, A. G., & Brantley, J. G. (2012). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, B., & Creaser, T. (1997). Mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction: Experience with a bilingual inner-city program. The Nurse Practitioner, 22, 150-178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, B., & Robbins, D. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life: Findings from a bilingual inner-city patient population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 113–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, B., & Stanley, T. W. (2002). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and healthcare utilization in the inner city: Preliminary findings. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8, 60–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch, L. C., Kanter, J. W., Manos, R. C., & Weeks, C. E. (2008). Depression stigma in a predominantly low income African American sample with elevated depressive symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 919–922. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818ec5d9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson, M., Carmody, J., Kabat-Zinn, J., & Bratt, M. A. (2007). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in Massachusetts correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 87, 254–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression – A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sephton, S. E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Ulmer, C., Floyd, A., Hoover, K., & Studts, J. L. (2007). Mindfulness meditation alleviates depressive symptoms in women with fibromyalgia: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 57, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22478.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shallcross, A. J., Gross, J. J., Visvanathan, P. D., Kumar, N., Palfrey, A., Ford, B. Q., et al. (2015). Relapse prevention in major depressive disorder: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus an active control condition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000050.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Bootzin, R. R., Figueredo, A. J., Lopez, A. M., & Schwartz, G. E. (2003). The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance in women with breast cancer: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 581–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibinga, E. M., Kerrigan, D., Stewart, M., Johnson, K., Magyari, T., & Ellen, J. M. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for urban youth. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0605.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sibinga, E. M. S., Perry-Parrish, C., Chung, S., Johnson, S. B., Smith, M., & Ellen, J. M. (2013). School-based mindfulness instruction for urban male youth: A small randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 57, 799–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sibinga, E. M. S., Webb, L., Ghazarian, S. R., & Ellen, J. M. (2016). School-based mindfulness instruction: An RCT. Pediatrics, 137, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B., Metzker, K., Waite, R., & Gerrity, P. (2015). Short-form mindfulness-based stress reduction reduces anxiety and improves health-reladted quality of life in an inner-city population. Holistic Nursing Practice, 29, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). Racial and ethnic minority populations. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/specific-populations/racial-ethnic-minority

  • Swanson, G. M., & Ward, A. J. (1995). Recruiting minorities into clinical trials: Toward a participant-friendly system. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 1747–1759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tacón, A. M., McComb, J., Caldera, Y., & Randolph, P. (2003). Mindfulness meditation, anxiety reduction, and heart disease: A pilot study. Family & Community Health, 26, 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tcheremissine, O. V., Rossman, W. E., Castro, M. A., & Gardner, D. R. (2014). Conducting clinical research in community mental health settings: Opportunities and challenges. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). 2010 National healthcare disparities report. (publication no. 11–0005). Rockville, MD. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/qrdr10.htm.

  • United States Census Bureau. (2017). United States quick facts. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/#headnote-a

  • Van der Gucht, K., Takano, K., Van Broeck, N., & Raes, F. (2015). A mindfulness-based intervention for economically disadvantaged people: Effects on symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression and on cognitive reactivity and overgeneralization. Mindfulness, 6, 1042–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0353-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., et al. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. E., Burch, R., Paulsen, R. H., Wayne, P. M., Houle, T. T., & Loder, E. (2014). Meditation for migraines: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 54, 1484–1495. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. E., Yeh, G. Y., Kerr, C. E., Wolkin, J., Davis, R. B., Tan, Y., et al. (2013). Meditation's impact on default mode network and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Neuroscience Letters, 556, 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitebird, R. R., Kreitzer, M., Crain, A. L., Lewis, B. A., Hanson, L. R., & Enstad, C. J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: A randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist, 53, 676–686. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. A., Kolar, M. M., Reger, B. E., & Pearson, J. C. (2001). Evaluation of a wellness-based mindfulness stress reduction intervention: A controlled trial. American Journal of Health Promotion, 15, 422–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witkiewitz, K., Greenfield, B. L., & Bowen, S. (2013). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention with racial and ethnic minority women. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2821–2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.018.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woods-Giscombé, C. L., & Gaylord, S. A. (2014). The cultural relevance of mindfulness meditation as a health intervention for African Americans: Implications for reducing stress-related health disparities. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 32, 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Claire, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    Elizabeth M. Waldron, Sunghyun Hong & Inger Burnett-Zeigler

  2. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Judith T. Moskowitz

Authors
  1. Elizabeth M. Waldron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sunghyun Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Judith T. Moskowitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Inger Burnett-Zeigler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth M. Waldron.

Ethics declarations

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Waldron, E.M., Hong, S., Moskowitz, J.T. et al. A Systematic Review of the Demographic Characteristics of Participants in US-Based Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness-Based Interventions. Mindfulness 9, 1671–1692 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0920-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0920-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation