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Application of multi-hydrochemical indices for spatial groundwater quality assessment: Ziway Lake Basin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley

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Abstract

The Ethiopian Rift Valley (ERV) is characterized by arid and semi-arid climate with groundwater as the most important water resource used for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, in the region, people are suffering from severe water scarcity exacerbated by climate effect. Besides water availability, endemic water quality issues are critical and affect the suitability of the water and human health risks. The present study evaluates the suitability of groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Ziway Lake Basin (ZLB) of the ERV. Groundwater used for drinking contains multiple inorganic contaminants in levels that surpass the World Health Organization recommended limits. The most frequent of these violations were for Na+, K+, HCO3−, F− and few samples for Mn, As, U, Pb and Mo. The modeled Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) values of the groundwater show wide variation ranging from 12.7 (Excellent category) to 714 (Unsuitable category) with mean value of 94. Likewise, Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) computed by considering EC, SAR, Na%, RSC and PI of the groundwater varies from 13.2 to 520 with a mean value of 106. Both DWQI and IWQI values suggest that groundwater is generally of Excellent quality for drinking and irrigation use in the headwater regions of the ZLB and progressively becomes extremely Unsuitable toward the rift floor. The exceptionally high DWQI values to the west of Lake Ziway is mainly associated with the co-occurrence of multiple toxic elements from a groundwater from the Quaternary sediments and rhyolitic volcanic aquifers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Adama Science and Technology University (ANSD/02/1252/09), for financial support to conduct this research. The authors also acknowledge Muhammed Haji for support with liquid analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mineral Exploration, Extraction, and Processing, Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science Technology University, P.O. BOX 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Abraham Mechal

  2. Applied Geology Department, Adama Science Technology University, P.O. BOX 1888, Adama, Ethiopia

    Hassen Shube

  3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

    Tewodros Rango Godebo

  4. Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Kristine Walraevens

  5. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Geo-Center, Heinrichstraße26, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Steffen Birk

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  1. Abraham Mechal
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  2. Hassen Shube
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  3. Tewodros Rango Godebo
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Correspondence to Abraham Mechal.

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Mechal, A., Shube, H., Godebo, T.R. et al. Application of multi-hydrochemical indices for spatial groundwater quality assessment: Ziway Lake Basin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Environ Earth Sci 81, 25 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10135-5

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