Abstract
During the storage period of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the bank erosion caused by wind-induced wave is getting more serious, especially for the crushed stone soil bank. The continuous wave scouring and erosion destabilize the bank slope and even induce the occurrence of landslides. Based on the energy conservation theory, the bank slope will reach a stable state after continuous wave erosion. Regarding this, this paper derives the prediction formula of the stable slope angle and erosion width when the wave erodes the crushed stone soil bank slope. Model tests on bank slopes with different dry densities and different crushed stone contents under the action of waves were conducted to observe the erosion process of wave-induced crushed stone soil bank slope and verify the proposed prediction formula. The results show that under the action of wave erosion, erosion ridge and collapse steep angle would form at the upper edge of the bank slope and the controlling factors of this process are the dry density of the crushed stone soil and the wave energy. When the content of crushed stone soil gradually increases, the ability of the bank slope to resist wave erosion weakens at first and then gradually strengthens. Comparing the erosion stable slope angle obtained from the model tests with the calculated results using the proposed prediction formula, a linear relationship could be observed, indicating that the proposed prediction formula is reliable for further analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Battjes JA, Stive MJF (1978) Energy loss and setup due to breaking of random waves. J Geophys Res 90:9159–9167
Bishop C, Skafel M, Nairn R (1993) Cohesive Profile Erosion by Waves. 23rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering. ASCE
Bao Y, Tang Q, He X et al (2015) Soil erosion in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir China. Nordic Hydrol 46(2):212–221
Bendoni M, Georgiou IY, Roelvink D et al (2019) Numerical modelling of the erosion of marsh boundaries due to wave impact. Coast Eng 152:1–15
Christoffersen JB, Jonsson IG (1985) Bed friction and dissipation in a combined current and wave motion. Ocean Eng 12(5):387–423
Castedo R, Fernández M, Trenhaile AS et al (2013) Modeling cyclic recession of cohesive clay coasts: Effects of wave erosion and bluff stability. Mar Geol 335:162–176
Cheng HK, Tang HM, Zeng YS (2016) Theory and application of soaking-seepage coupling drive for soil bank slope deformation and failure. Science Press, Beijing
Chang F, Shu Z (2018) A model for calculating the erosion distance of soft sea cliff under wave loading. Acta Oceanol Sin 37(07):69–77
Davidson-Arnott RGD, Ollerhead J (1995) Nearshore erosion on a cohesive shoreline. Mar Geol 122(4):349–365
Donald SR, Beverley CW, Lindsay JW, Courtney MB, Kristen LU, Scott DH (2019) Impact of an extreme storm event on river corridor bank erosion and phosphorus mobilization in a mountainous watershed in the Northeastern United States. J Geophys Res Biogeosci. 124(1):18–32
Deng S, Xia JQ, Zhou MR (2019) Coupled two-dimensional modeling of bed evolution and bank erosion in the Upper JingJiang Reach of Middle Yangtze River. Geomorphol 344:10–24
Holger S, Hocine O (2005) Layer thicknesses and velocities of wave overtopping flow at seadikes. Coastal Eng 52(6):473–495
Holger S, Janine M, Oumeraci H (2002) Overtopping flow parameters on the inner slope of seadikes
Horikawa K , Kuo CT (1996) American society of civil engineers tenth international conference on coastal engineering - Tokyo, Japan (September, 1966) Coastal Engineering 1966 - A Study on Wave Transformation Inside Surf Zone. Am Soc Civ Eng 217–233
ЛOMTAДЗE B Д (1985) Engineering geodynamics. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, Translated by LI Shenglin, LIU Huilan
Kachugin (1971) Engineering-geologic prediction of the stability of bank zones in reservoirs in the USSR. Trudy Proizvidstvennogo i Nauch.-Issled. In-ta po Inzh. Izyskaniyam v Str-ve,7
Kamal EKA, Andrés DM, Pablo T, Riadh A, Jean MH (2016) Modelling river bank erosion using a 2D depth-averaged numerical model of flow and non-cohesive, non-uniform sediment transport. Adv Water Resour 93:75–88
Lu GL, Tao YX (2002) Analysis of the Reasons for Bank Collapse of Sanmenxia Reservoir. J Yellow River Conservancy Techn Institute 1:4–5
Liao QL, Li X, Li SD, Dong YH (2005) Occurrence, geology and geomorphy characteristics and origin of qianjiangping landslide in three gorges reservoir area and study on ancient landslide criterion. Chin J Rock Mechan Eng 17:3146–3153
Li L, Zhou YH, Chen B (2009) Wind disasters in Hubei province and their risk degree. Meteorol Sci Technol 37(2):205–208
Li LL, Zhang GG (2018) A Unified Formula of Sediment Incipient Velocity on Slopes. J Yangtze River Scient Res Institute 35(4):13–17 (in Chinese)
Muhammad A, Abdul SS (2018) Prediction of river bank erosion and protection works in a reach of Chenab River. Pakistan Arabian J Geosci 11(7):1–11
Myrhaug D, Slaattelid OH (1989) A rational approach to wave-current friction coefficients for rough, smooth and transitional turbulent flow. Coastal Eng 13(1):11–21
Méhauté BL, Wang S (2015) Dissipative processes of wave propagation. In: Water Waves Generated By Underwater Explosion. World Scienctific, pp 217–236
Nagata N, Hosoda T, Muramoto Y (2000) Numerical analysis of river channel processes with bank erosion. J Hydraul Eng 126(4):243–252
Philpott KL (1984) Comparison of cohesive coasts and beach coasts. In: Kamphuis JW
Qian N (1983) Mechanics of sediment transport. Science Press, Beijing
Savarenskiy (1940) A method for streamflow control computations Gidrotekh. Stroit 2:24–28 (In Russian)
Shahriar MM (2017) Numerical and experimental studies on coastal marsh erosion under hurricane induced wave and current. Louisiana Tech University, Louisiana
Sun GH, Yang YT, Cheng SG, Zheng H (2017) Phreatic line calculation and stability analysis of slopes under the combined effect of reservoir water level fluctuations and rainfall. Can Geotech J 54(5):631–645
Sun GH, Lin S, Zheng H, Tan YZ, Sui T (2020) The virtual element method strength reduction technique for the stability analysis of stony soil slopes. Comput Geotech 119:103349
Tang MG, Xu Q, Huang RQ (2006) Types of typical bank slope collapses on the three gorges reservoir. J Eng Geol 14(2):172–177
Vikas KD, Sayahnya R, Krishnendu B, Susanta C, Koustuv D (2019) Study of clay–sand network structures and its effect on river bank erosion: an experimental approach. Environ Earth Sci 78(20):1–18
Wang SM, Chen Y, Tian DF (2017) Revival mechanism and stability evaluation methods of land-slide in the three gorges reservoir. Science Press, Beijing
Wang LF, Li LG, Yang X (2018) Instability initiation mechanism of gravel soil slope in Three Gorges Reservoir: case study of Hongyanzi landslide in Wushan county. Chinese J Geot Eng 40(S2):209–214
Zhou YR (2004) Yin CA (2004) Sediment starting in wave boundary layer. J Sediment Res 1:15–22
Zhang L, Wang JJ, Yan ZL (2010) Summary on methods to predict soil bank failure of mountain reservoir. J Chongqing Jiaotong University (Natural Science) 29(2):227–232
Zhang XT, Chen ZH, Sun PJ, Xu Y (2016) The Effect of terrain on wind speed in yangtze three gorges valley in Hubei. Resources Environm Yangtze Basin 25(05):851–858
Zhang LG, Chen XQ, Zhang YG, Wu FW, Chen F, Wang WT, Guo F (2020) Application of GWO-ELM model to prediction of Caojiatuo landslide displacement in the three gorge reservoir area. Water 12:1860
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41372359), the Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University (No. 2018KJZ04), and China Geological Survey Project (DD20190716; 0001212020CC60002). The first author would also like to acknowledge the research sponsored by Research Fund for Excellent Dissertation of China Three Gorges University (2020BSPY004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Guo, F. & Wang, S. Prediction model of the collapse of bank slope under the erosion effect of wind-induced wave in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Environ Earth Sci 79, 421 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09169-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09169-y