Conceptual site models for sinkhole formation and remediation

Abstract

Extensive research has been done on investigation, monitoring, risk evaluation and land management to prevent formation of sinkholes and subsidences in karst terranes. Little emphasis is, however, given to the various processes and methodologies with respect to their remediation. Sinkholes are a surface symptom of complicated erosion and deformation processes that occur on the surface and in the subsurface. The specific method or combination of methods used to mitigate a sinkhole or subsidence depends on the complexity of the conceptual site model composed of influencing factors and triggering mechanisms, depth and lateral extent of instability, impact on existing infrastructure, and existing and reasonably anticipated land uses. Many sinkhole and subsidence rehabilitation methods including dynamic compaction, construction of inverted filters, compaction grouting and construction of water plugs are presented; however, each sinkhole must be treated uniquely when a decision is made on the most appropriate rehabilitation method. A case study was presented to illustrate how the conceptual site model and remedial alternative analysis approach were used to determine the preferred method for sinkhole remediation.