Abstract
A reply essay is presented on the rebuttal article by Parise (Environ Earth Sci 75(23):1476, 2016) suggesting that qanat is not a hazard. It is presented as a refutation on the paper by Abbasnejad et al. (Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) in which the authors have explained the etiology, the impacts and remedies of a qanat hazard in Iranian urban areas. Since the majority of qanats in Iranian urban areas are abandoned, useless and threatening, according to definition and in comparison with similar features introduced as a hazard, they are considered as a hazard too. However, this does not mean, and Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) have not claimed, that all qanats are hazardous. In addition, the authors who have studied qanats in Iranian urban areas, before Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016), have also considered qanats as a hazard.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasnejad A, Abbasnejad B, Derakhshani R, Hemmati Sarapardeh A (2016) Qanat hazard in Iranian urban areas: explanation and remedies. Environ Earth Sci 75:1306
Abbott PL (2008) Natural disasters. McGraw-Hill, New York
Beck BF, Pearson FM (1995) Karst geohazards. In: Proceedings of the fifth multidisciplinary conference on sinkholes and the engineering and environmental ımpacts of karst. Balkema, vol 581. Gatlinburg, Tennessee
Bennett MR, Doyle P (1997) Environmental geology: geology and the human environmental. Wiley, Chichester, Uk
Burton I, Kates RW (1964) The perception of natural hazards in resource management. Nat. Resources J 3:412–441
Coch NK (1995) Geohazards: natural and human. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Embleton C, Federici P, Rodolfi G (eds) (1989) Geomorphological hazards, Supplementi di Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quarternaria. http://www.dst.unipi.it/gfdq/sup_2.html
Gutiérrez F (2010) 13 Hazards associated with karst. In: Alcantara I, Goudie A (eds) Geomorphological hazards and disaster prevention. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 161–175
Gutiérrez F, Parise M, De Waele J, Jourde H (2014) A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst. Earth Sci Rev 138:61–88
Hafezi-Moqaddas N, Ghafuri M, Ghazi A (2008) Problems inflicted by old qanats in Mashahad city (in Persian). In: National conference on engineering geology and the environment. Iran, pp 531–536
Haque CE, Etkin D (2007) People and community as constituent parts of hazards: the significance of societal dimensions in hazards analysis. Nat Hazards 41:271–282
Hashemisohi H, Hashemisohi M (2005) Qanat: ground settlement and building problems (in Persian). International conference on qanat. Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Kerman, pp 701–707
Hemmati-Sarapardeh A (2015) Evaluation and hazard zoning of hidden qanats in Kerman city and proposing management solution (in Persian). In: Department of Geology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
Hunt RE (2007) Geologic hazards: a field guide for geotechnical engineers. CRC Press, Baca Raton
Hyndman D, Hyndman D (2016) Natural hazards and disasters. Cengage Learning, Boston
Keller EA, Blodgett RH (2006) Natural hazards: earth’s processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Keller EA, DeVecchio DE (2012) Natural Hazards: Earth’s Processes as Hazards, Disasters, and Catastrophes. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Kovach RL (1995) Earth’s fury: An introduction to natural hazards and disasters. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Leveson D (1980) Geology and the urban environment. Oxford University Press, New York
McCall GJH (1998) Geohazards and the urban environment. Geol Soc Lond Eng Geol Spec Publ 15(1):309–318
Parise M (2016) Qanat is not a hazard. Environ Earth Sci 75(23):1476
Parise M, Galeazzi C, Bixio R, Dixon M (2013) Classification of artificial cavities: a first contribution by the UIS Commission. In: Filippi M, Bosak P (eds) Proceedings of 16th Int Congr Speleology, vol 2, pp 230–235
Pellicani R, Giuseppe S, Gutiérrez F (2016) Susceptibility mapping of instability related to shallow mining cavities in a built-up environment. Eng Geol 217:81–88
Pipkin BW, Trent DD, Hazlett R, Bierman P (2011) Geology and the environment, 6th edn. Brooks/Cole, Boston
Pueyo-Anchuela Ó, Juan AP, Soriano MA, Casas-Sainz AM (2009) Characterization of karst hazards from the perspective of the doline triangle using GPR—examples from Central Ebro Basin (Spain). Eng Geol 108(3):225–236
Rayhani MH, El Naggar MH (2007) Collapse hazard zonation of qanats in greater Tehran area. Geotech Geol Eng 25(3):327–338
Reddish DJ, Whittaker BN (2012) Subsidence: occurrence, prediction and control, vol 56. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Salehi F, Hafezi Moghaddas N, Ghafoori M, Lashkaripour GR (2014) Hazard Evaluation of qanat in the west of Mashahd by Plaxis software (in Persian). J Eng Geo 8(3):2277–2300
Smith K (2013) Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge, New York
Tobin GA (1997) Natural hazards: explanation and integration. Guilford Press, London
Waltham T, Bell F, Culshaw M (2005) Sinkholes and subsidence: karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction. Springer, Berlin
Yang YY, Xu YS, Shen SL, Yuan Y, Yin ZY (2015) Mining-induced geo-hazards with environmental protection measures in Yunnan, China: an overview. Bull Eng Geol Environ 74(1):141–150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abbasnejad, A. Qanat: a resource or a hazard? Rebuttal to “Qanat is not a hazard” by Parise (Environ Earth Sci 2016 75: 1476). Environ Earth Sci 76, 214 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6526-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6526-8