Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of two geophysical methods to characterize a former waste disposal site of the Trabzon-Moloz district in Turkey

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Radionuclide variations, the vertical and lateral extent of a waste mass in the former Trabzon municipal solid waste dumpsite were investigated by combining in situ gamma-ray spectrometric measurements with 2D resistivity imaging methods. In the first step, the natural radioelement concentrations on the surface of dumpsite were measured using a portable gamma-ray spectrometer. The average activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the dumpsite are 42.68, 49.88 and 417 Bq/kg, respectively. In addition, radiation hazard parameters were calculated and compared with the international standard values. As a result of the evaluation of the radiological data, it was found that there are no significant radiologic hazards for humans and the environment. In the subsequent stage, 2D electrical resistivity method, using Wenner array, was carried out in this area. The survey was conducted using a multi-electrode resistivity instrument and the measured resistivity profiles were interpreted using RES2DINV program. Electrical resistivity values were obtained from three parallel lines. Results of the resistivity survey show that the waste masses in the study area reach to depths of about 18 m, with very low resistivity values less than 20 Ωm. According to the 2D inverted resistivity sections, low resistivities (<7 Ωm) at the depth corresponds to areas that may be occupied by leachate or sea water. The high resistivity values (>160 Ωm) in profiles B and C are associated with non-degradable waste materials, medical wastes and buried construction materials. Also, very high resistivity zone (874 and 2636 Ωm) in profile A are interpreted as landfill gases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Jundi J, Al-Tarazi E (2008) Radioactivity and elemental analysis in the Ruseifa municipal landfill, Jordan. J Environ Radioact 99:190–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aristodemou E, Thomas-Betts A (2000) DC resistivity and induced polarisation investigations at a waste disposal site and its environments. J Appl Geophys 44:275–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avwiri GO, Nte FU, Olanrevaju AI (2011) Determination of radionuclide concentration of landfill at Eliozu, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Sci Afr 10(1):46–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Avwiri GO, Egieya JM, Ononugbo CP (2013) Radiometric survey of Aluu landfill, in River State, Nigeria. Adv Phys Theor Appl 22:24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayolabi EA, Folorunso AF, Kayode OT (2013) Integrated geophysical and geochemical methods for environmental assessment of municipal dumpsite system. Int J Geosci 4:850–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck HL (1972) The physics of environmental radiation fields. Natural radiation environment II, CONF-720805 P2. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on the natural radiation environment

  • Benson AK, Mustoe NB (1998) Integration of electrical resistivity, ground penetrating radar, and very low frequency electromagnetic induction surveys to help map groundwater contamination produced by hydrocarbons leaking from underground storage tanks. Environ Geosci 5:61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstone C, Dahlin T (1997) DC resistivity mapping of old landfills: two case studies. Eur J Eng Environ Geophys 2:121–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstone C, Dahlin T (1999) Assessment of two automated DC resistivity data acquisition systems for landfill location surveys: two case studies. J Environ Eng Geophys 4(2):113–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstone C, Dahlin T, Ohlsson T, Hogland H (2000) DC resistivity mapping of internal landfill structures: two pre-excavation surveys. Environ Geol 39:360–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyazli D, Aydemir S (2008) Black Sea region of Turkey landfilling with mixed wastes: environmental effects of wastes and their management in the Eastern. Indoor Built Environ 17:92–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardarelli E, Bernabini M (1997) Two case studies of the determination of parameters waste dumps. J Appl Geophys 36:167–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardarelli E, Filippo GD (2004) Integrated geophysical surveys on waste dumps: evaluation of physical parameters to characterize an urban waste dump (four case studies in Italy). Waste Manag Res 22:390–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter PJ, Kaufmann RS, Price E (1990) Use of resistivity soundings to determine landfill structure. Ground Water 28:569–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter PJ, Aizhong D, Lirong C, Puxin L, Fulu C (2009) Apparent formation factor for leachate-saturated waste and sediments: examples from the USA and China. J Earth Sci 20:606–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clément R, Descloitres M, Günther T, Oxarango L, Morra C, Lauren JP, Gourc JP (2010) Improvement of electrical resistivity tomography for leachate injection monitoring. Waste Manag 30:452–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clément R, Oxarango L, Descloitres M (2011) Contribution of 3-D time-lapse ERT to the study of leachate recirculation in a landfill. Waste Manag 31:457–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson CB, Lane JW, White EA, Belaval M (2002) Integrated geophysical characterization of the Winthrop, Maine. In: Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems, Las Vegas

  • De Carlo L, Perri MT, Caputo MC, Deiana R, Vurro M, Cassiani G (2013) Characterization of a dismissed landfill via electrical resistivity tomography and mise-à-la-masse method. J Appl Geophys 98:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Iaco R, Maurer H, Horstmeyer H (2003) A combined seismic reflection and refraction study of a landfill and its host sediments. J Appl Geophys 52:139–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doll WE, Gamey TJ, Nyquist J E, Mandell W, Groom D, Rohdewald S (2001) Evaluation of new geophysical tools for investigation of a landfill, Camp Roberts, California. In: Symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems, pp LWS4. doi:10.4133/1.2922927

  • Drahor MG, Berge MA, Kurtulmuş TÖ (2006) Resistivity inverse modelling in landfill sites and its application in an old waste landfill site. J Earth Sci Appl Res Centre Hacettepe Univ 27(3):195–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehirim CN, Itota GO (2013) Radiological impact of a municipal solid waste dumpsite on soil and groundwater using 2-D resistivity tomography and gamma ray spectroscopy. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 2(5):35–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehirim CN, Ebeniro JO, Olanegan OP (2009) A geophysical investigation of solid waste landfill using 2-D resistivity imaging and vertical electrical sounding methods in Port Harcourt Municipality, River State, Nigeria. Pac J Sci Technol 10(2):604–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Eikelboom RT, Ruwiel E, Goumans JJJM (2001) The building materials decree: an example of a Dutch regulation based on the potential impact of materials on the environment. Waste Manag 21:295–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekeocha NA, Okereke ID, Okonkwo SE (2012) Electrical resistivity investigation of solid waste dumpsite at Rumuekpolu in Obio Akpor L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria. Int J Sci Technol 1(11):631–637

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Fadel M, Findikakis AN, Leckie JO (1997a) Modeling leachate generation and transport in solid waste landfills. Environ Technol 18:669–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Fadel M, Findikakis AN, Leckie JO (1997b) Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling. J Environ Manag 50:1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Google Earth (2013) Google Earth 7.1.2.2041. Google Inc, Satellite view

  • Green A, Lanz E, Maurer H, Boerner D (1999) A template for geophysical investigations of small landfills. Lead Edge 18:248–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Günter T (2004) Inversion methods and resolution analysis for the 2D/3D reconstruction of resistivity structures from dc measurements. http://www.resistivity.net

  • Heikamp S, Nover G (2003) An integrated study on physical properties of a KTB gneiss sample and marble from Portugal: pressure dependence of the permeability and frequency dependence of the complex electrical impedance. Pure Appl Geophys 160:929–936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover DB, Klein DP, Campbell DC (1995) Geophysical methods in exploration and mineral environmental investigations. In: DuBray E (ed) Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95–831,19–27

  • Hutchinson PJ, Barta LS (2000) Geophysical applications to solid waste analysis. In: The 16th international conference on solid waste technology and management, Philadelphia, pp 2–68

  • IAEA (1974) Instrumentation for uranium and thorium exploration. Technical reports series no. 158, Vienna

  • IAEA (1989) Construction and use of calibration facilities for radiometric field equipment. In: Proceedings of IAEA technical reports series, vol 309. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

  • IAEA (2003) Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data. IAEA Technical Reports Series, vol 1363. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

  • GF Instruments (2009) Gamma Surveyor User Guide v1.3

  • Iyoha A, Akhirevbulu OE, Amadasun CVO, Evboumwan IA (2013) 2D Resistivity imaging investigation of solid waste landfill sites in Ikhueniro Municipality, Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. J Resour Dev Manag 1:65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Jegede SI, Ujuanbi O, Abdullahi NK, Iserhien-Emekeme RE (2012) Mapping and monitoring of leachate plume migration at an open waste disposal site using non-invasive methods. Res J Environ Earth Sci 4(1):26–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlık G, Kaya MA (2001) Investigation of groundwater contamination using electric and electromagnetic methods at an open waste-disposal site: a case study from Isparta, Turkey. Environ Geol 40(6):725–731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen PG, Cameron GW (1977) Computation of in situ potassium, uranium and thorium concentrations from portable gamma-ray spectrometer data. In: Report of activities, part A, Geological Survey of Canada, paper no 77-1A, pp 91–92

  • Leroux V, Dahlin T, Svensson M (2007) Dense resistivity and induced polarization profiling for a landfill restoration project at Härlöv, Southern Sweden. Waste Manag Res 25:49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loke MH (1999) Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies—a practical guide to 2D and 3D surveys. http://www.abem.se

  • Meju MA (2000) Geoelectrical investigation of old/abandoned, covered landfill sites in urban areas: model development with a genetic diagnosis approach. J Appl Geophys 44:115–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mondal T, Sengupta D, Mandal A (2006) Natural radioactivity of ash and coal in major thermal power plants of West Bengal, India. Curr Sci

  • Namasivayam C, Radhika R, Suba S (2001) Uptake of dyes by a promising available agricultural solid waste: coir pith. Waste Manag 21:381–387. doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00081-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oladapo OO, Oni EA, Olawoyin AA, Akerele OO, Tijani SA (2012) Assessment of natural radionuclides level in wasteland soils around Olusosun Dumpsite Lagos, Nigeria. J Appl Phys 2(3):38–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Oladunjoye MA, Olayinka AI, Amidu SA (2011) Geoelectrical imaging at an abandoned waste dump site in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. J Appl Sci 11(22):3755–3764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olubosede O, Akinnagbe OB, Adekoya O (2012) Assessment of radiation emission from waste dumpsites in Lagos State of Nigeria. Int J Comput Eng Res 2(3):806–811

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlando L, Marchesi E (2001) Georadar as a tool to identify and characterize solid waste dump deposits. J Appl Geophys 48:163–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh M (1999) The path to affordable landfills. J Waste Manag 58–59

  • Saltas V, Vallianatos F, Soupios PM, Makris JP, Triantis D (2005) Application of dielectric spectroscopy to the detection of contamination in sandstone. In: Proceedings of the international workshop in geoenvironment and geotechnics (GEOENV 200), Milos, p 269

  • Samsudin AR, Rahim BE, Yaacob WZW, Hamzah U (2006) Mapping of contamination plumes at municipal solid waste disposal sites using geoelectric imaging technique: case studies in Malaysia. J Spatial Hydrol 6(2):13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh B, Kumar A (2003) Natural radioactivity measurements in soil samples from Hamirpur district. Radiat Meas 36:547–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soupios P, Manios T, Sarris A, Vallianatos F, Maniadakis K, Papadopoulos N, Makris JP, Kouli M, Gidarakos E, Saltas V, Kourgialas N (2005) Integrated environmental investigation of a municipal landfill using modern techniques. In: Proceedings of the international workshop in geoenvironment and geotechnics, Milos Island, pp 75–82

  • Soupios P, Papadopoulos N, Kouli M, Georgaki I, Vallianatos F, Kokkinou E (2006) Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania, Crete, Greece. Environ Geol. doi:10.1007/00254-006-0418-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Soupios P, Papadopoulos I, Kouli M, Georgaki I, Vallianatos F, Kokkinou E (2007) Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania, Crete, Greece. Environ Geol 51:1249–1261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsourlos P, Vargemezis GN, Fikos I, Tsokas GN (2014) DC geoelectrical methods applied to landfill investigation: case studies from Greece. Near Surf Geosci 32:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Üçüncü O (2013) Personal photograph archive of Dr. Üçüncü about Moloz waste dumpsite

  • Üçüncü O, Angin Z (2011) Engineering geological assessment of the Trabzon ad Rize Cities solid waste landfill site (NE Turkey). In: Second international conference on solid waste management in developing countries

  • UNSCEAR (1988) United Nations sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. United Nations sales publication E.88.IX.7. United Nations, New York

  • UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations sources and effects of ionizing radiation, vol I: Sources; vol II: Effects. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. United Nations sales publications E.00.IX.3 and E.00.IX.4. United Nations, New York

  • Yang Y, Wu X, Jiang Z, Wang W, Lu J, Lin J, Wang LM, Hsia Y (2005) Radioactivity concentration in soil of the Xiazhuang granite area. China Appl Isot Radiat 63:255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the editor and two anonymous reviewers, whose constructive comments helped to improve the manuscript. The authors owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Osman ÜÇÜNCÜ (Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Trabzon) for allowing us to use his photo archive and attributing valuable discussions in the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geophysics Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    Hakan Çınar, Suna Altundaş, Emre Ersoy, Kağan Bak & Neşe Bayrak

Authors
  1. Hakan Çınar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suna Altundaş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Emre Ersoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kağan Bak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Neşe Bayrak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hakan Çınar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Çınar, H., Altundaş, S., Ersoy, E. et al. Application of two geophysical methods to characterize a former waste disposal site of the Trabzon-Moloz district in Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 75, 52 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4839-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4839-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation