Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Concentrations and possible sources of PAHs in sediments from Bohai Bay and adjacent shelf

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants were investigated in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China. Total concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 140.6–300.7 ng/g (dry wt), with an average of 188.0 ng/g. The three predominant PAHs were phenanthrene, acenaphthene and naphthalene. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the north and central Bohai Bay were higher than those of the southern side of this bay. PAHs source analysis suggested that PAHs in most of the sediments were mainly from grass, wood and coal incomplete combustion. At other stations near the estuaries (Luanhe River Estuary and Chaohe River Estuary) or the oil drilling platform, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. The pyrogenic PAHs close to the oil drilling platform were mainly from petroleum combustion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Boonyatumanond R, Wattayakorn G, Togo A, Takada H (2006) Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in riverine, estuarine, and marine sediments in Thailand. Mar Pollut Bull 52:942–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouloubassi I, Saliot A (1991) Sources and transport of hydrocarbons in the Rhone delta sediments (Northwestern Mediterranean). Fresenius J Anal Chem 339(10):765–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown G, Maher W (1992) The occurrence, distribution and sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Georges River Estuary. Aust Org Geochem 18:657–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael LM, Christman RF, Pfaender FK (1997) Desorption and mineralization kinetics of phenanthrene and chrysene in contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 31:126–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZM, Gao XJ, Song ZG, Mai BX (2006) Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tide-beach surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay. China Environ Sci 26(2):233–237 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiou CT, McGroddy SE, Kile DE (1998) Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments. Environ Sci Technol 32:264–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Countway RE, Dickhut RM, Canuel EA (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions and associations with organic matter in surface waters of the York River, VA Estuary. Org Geochem 34(2):209–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duval MM, Friedlander SK (1981) Source resolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles atmospheres: application of a CMB with first order decay. US EPA Report EPA-600/2-81-161, Washington, DC

  • Fraser MP, Cass GR, Simoneit BR, Rasmussen RA (1998) Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 5. C6–C22 nonpolar and semipolar aromatic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 32:1760–1770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman DJ, Cattell FCR (1990) Woodburning as a source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 24:1581–1585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galindo EAG, Celaya JAV, Munoz GF, Sericano JL (1996) Organic contaminants in sediments from San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 32:378–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gschwend PM, Hites RA (1981) Fluxes of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern United States. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:2359–2367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo ZG, Sheng LF, Feng JL, Fang M (2003) Seasonal variation of solvent extractable organic compounds in the aerosols in Qingdao, China. Atmos Environ 37:1825–1834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo ZG, Lin T, Zhang G, Yang ZS, Feng M (2006) High-resolution depositional records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the central continental shelf mud of the East China Sea. Environ Sci Technol 40:5304–5311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, He M, Yang Z, Lin C, Quan X, Wang H (2007) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Daliao River watershed, China. Chemosphere 68:93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hainbucher D, Hao W, Pohlmann T, Sundermann J, Feng SZ (2004) Variability of the Bohai Sea circulation based on model calculations. J Mar Syst 44(3–4):153–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong H, Xu L, Zhang L, Chen JC, Wong YS, Wan TSM (1995) Environmental fate and chemistry of organic pollutants in the sediment of Xiamen and Victoria harbours. Mar Pollut Bull 31:229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu JY, Wan Y, Shao B, Jin XH, An W, Jin F, Yang M, Wang XJ, Sugisak M (2005) Occurrence of trace organic contaminants in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Nanpaiwu River, North China. Mar Chem 95:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang B, Zheng HL, Huang GQ, Ding H, Li XG, Suo HT, Li R (2007) Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China. J Environ Sci 19:306–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Johnson-Restrepo B, Yohn SS, Giesy JP, Long DT (2005) Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Michigan inland lakes. Environ Sci Technol 39:4700–4706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalili NR, Scheff PA, Holsen TM (1995) PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmos Environ 29:533–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim GB, Maruya KA, Lee RF, Lee JH, Koh CH, Tanabe SS (1999) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 28:7–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EJ, Oh JE, Chang YS (2003) Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil. Sci Tot Environ 311:177–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen RK, Baker JE (2003) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Environ Sci Technol 37:1873–1881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RF (1980) Hydrocarbons. In: Geyer RA (ed) Marine environmental pollution, vol 1. Elsevier Scientific, New York, pp 337–351

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux PM, Lutes CC, Santoianni DA (2004) Emission of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. Prog Energy Combust Sci 30:1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li A, Jang JK, Scheff PA (2003) Application of EPA CMB8.2 model for source apportionment of sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environ Sci Technol 37:2958–2965

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Xia X, Yang Z, Wang R, Voulvoulis N (2006) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China. Environ Pollut 144:985–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JG (2007) Material compositions of sediments in the Bohai Sea mud area during the Holocene and their environmental implications. PhD thesis, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

  • Liu WX, Chen JL, Lin XM, Tao S (2006) Distribution and characteristics of organic micropollutants in surface sediments from Bohai Sea. Environ Pollut 140:4–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WX, Chen JL, Lin XM, Tao S (2007) Spatial distribution and species composition of PAHs in surface sediments from the Bohai Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 54:97–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Ling CN, Zhao JF, Huang QH, Zhu ZL, Gao HW (2008) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut 154:298–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Chen L, Huang QH, Li WY, Tang YJ, Zhao JF (2009) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 407:2931–2938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long ER, MacDonald DD, Smith SJ, Calder FD (1995) Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manag 19:81–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma M, Feng Z, Guan C, Ma Y, Xu H, Li H (2001) DDT, PAH and PCB in sediments from the intertidal zone of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 42(2):132–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macias-Zamora JV, Mendoza-Vega E, Villaescusa-Celaya JA (2002) PAHs composition of surface marine sediments: a comparison to potential local sources in Todos Santos Bay, BC, Mexico. Chemosphere 46:459–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mai BX, Fu JM, Zhang G, Lin Z, Min YS, Sheng GY, Wang XM (2001) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Pearl River and Estuary, China: spatial and temporal distribution and sources. Appl Geochem 16:1429–1445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mai BX, Fu JM, Sheng GY, Kang YH, Lin Z, Zhang G, Min YS, Zeng EY (2002) Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China. Environ Pollut 117:457–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manoli E, Samara C, Konstantinou I, Albanis T (2000) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation and surface waters of Northern Greece. Chemosphere 41:1845–1855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Means JC, Wood SG, Hassett JJ, Banward WL (1980) Sorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils. Environ Sci Technol 14(12):1524–1528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Näf C, Broman D, Pettersen H, Rolff C, Zebühr Y (1992) Flux estimates and pattern recognition of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in the waters outside various emission sources on the Swedish Baltic coast. Environ Sci Technol 26(7):1444–1457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Bureau of Statistics of China (2005) Statistics data on 55 years of new China. China Statistics Press, Beijing (in Chinese)

  • Pichler M, Guggenburger G, Hartmann R, Zech W (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different forest humus types. Environ Sci Technol Res 3:24–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Prahl FG, Carpenter R (1979) The role of zooplankton fecal pellets in the sedimentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dabob Bay, Washington. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1959–1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin YS, Li F (1983) Study of influence of sediment loads discharged from the Huanghe River on sedimentation in the Bohai sea and the Huanghai Sea. Sedimentation on the Continental Shelf: with special reference to the East China Sea 2. China Ocean Press, Qingdao

    Google Scholar 

  • Qin YS, Zhao YY (1985) Geology of Bohai Sea. Science Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Mantoura RFC, Rhead MM (1984a) Distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the River Tamar catchment and Estuary, UK. In: Parker WR, Klinsman DJJ (eds) Transfer processes in cohesive sediment. Plenum Press, New York, pp 155–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Mantoura RFC, Rhead MM (1984b) The physicochemical speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic systems. Fresnius J Anal Chem 319:126–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren ME, Shi YL (1986) Sediment discharge of the Yellow River (China) and its effect on the sedimentation of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea. Cont Shelf Res 6:785–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard FP (1954) Nomenclature based on sand–silt–clay ratios. J Sediment Petrol 24:151–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi Z, Tao S, Pan B, Fan W, He XC, Zuo Q, Wu SP, Li BG, Cao J, Liu WX, Xu FL, Wang XJ, Shen WR, Wong PK (2005) Contamination of rivers in Tianjin, China by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Pollut 134:97–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson CD, Mosi AA, Cullen WR, Reimer KJ (1996) Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbour, Canada. Sci Total Environ 181:265–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sporstøl S, Gjøs N, Lichtenthaler RG, Gustavsen KO, Urdal K, Oreld F (1983) Source identification of aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments using GC/MS. Environ Sci Technol 17:282–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streets DG, Gupta S, Waldhoff ST, Wang MQ, Bond T, Bo YY (2001) Black carbon emissions in China. Atmos Environ 35:4281–4296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tam NFY, Ke L, Wang XH, Wong YS (2001) Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of mangrove swamps. Environ Pollut 114:255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau (2001) Environmental quality report of Tianjin in 1996–2000. Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau, Tianjin

  • Venkatesan MI, Kaplan IR (1982) Distribution and transport of hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Alaskan Outer Continental Shelf. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:2135–2149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan Y, Hu JY, Liu JJ, Wang A, Tao S, Jia ZB (2005) Fate of DDT-related compounds in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Haihe Basin, North China. Mar Pollut Bull 50:439–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Lee FSC, Wang XR, Yin YF, Li JR (2007a) Chemical characteristics and source implications of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the sediments near major drainage outfalls along the coastal of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Environ Monit Assess 125:229–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Zhang ZL, Huang J, Hu HY, Yu G, Li FS (2007b) Occurrence of dissolved polychlorinated biphenyls and organic chlorinated pesticides in the surface water of Haihe River and Bohai Bay, China. Environ Sci 28(4):730–735 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang KY, Shen YT, Zhang SC, Ye YB, Shen Q, Hu JD, Wang XJ (2008) Application of spatial analysis and multivariate analysis techniques in distribution and source study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoil of Beijing, China. Environ Geol doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1204-5

  • Wang SF, Jia YF, Wang SY, Wang X, Wang H, Zhao ZX, Liu BZ (2009) Total mercury and monomethylmercury in water, sediments, and hydrophytes from the rivers, estuary, and bay along the Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China. Appl Geochem doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.037

  • White J, Pignatello JJ (1999) Influence of bisolute competition on the desorption kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Sci Technol 33:4292–4298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcke W, Amelung W (2000) Persistent organic pollutants in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:2140–2148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson SC, Jones KC (1993) Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environ Pollut 81:229–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Zhang J (2001) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in core sediments of the Bohai Strait. Environ Sci 22(3):74–77 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu SP, Lan T, Zuo Q, Tao S (2004) Levels and source of PAHs in ambient air in rural area of Tianjin. J Agro-Environ Sci 23(6):1106–1109 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu DM (2005) China energy consumption year book. China Petrochemical Press, Beijing, p 760

  • Xu J, Yu Y, Wang P, Guo WF, Dai SG, Sun HW (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River, China. Chemosphere 67:1408–1414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan W, Chi JS, Wang ZY, Huang WX, Zhang G (2009) Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay South China. Environ Pollut 30:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang GP (2000) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the South China Sea. Environ Pollut 108:163–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang ZS, Milliman JD (1983) Fine-grained sediments of Changjiang and Huanghe River and sediment sources of the East China Sea. Sedimentation on the continental shelf: with special reference to the East China Sea 2. China Ocean Press, Qingdao, pp 436–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang SY, Jung HS, Lim DI, Li CX (2003) A review on the provenance discrimination of the Yellow Sea sediments. Earth Sci Rev 63(1–2):93–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SY, Jung HS, Li CX, Lim DI (2004) Major element geochemistry of sediments from Chinese and Korean rivers. Geochimica 33(1):99–105 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu GG, Wang TG, Wu DP, Wang J (2008) A study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in Beijing aerosols. J China Univ Min Technol 37(1):72–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan DX, Yang DN, Wade TL, Qian YR (2001) Status of persistent organic pollutants in the sediment from several estuaries in China. Environ Pollut 114:101–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell RH, Goyette D, Sylvestre S (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 33:489–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria MP, Takada H, Tsutsumi S, Ohno K, Ohno K, Yamada J, Kouno E, Kumata H (2002) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: a widespread input of petrogenic PAHs. Environ Sci Technol 36:1907–1918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng FG, Wang GY, Tian J, Yu T, Zhang HY (2002) Pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PAHs in atmospheric aerosols of some regions in Beijing. Acta Sci Circumstanae 22(3):284–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Yang Z, Shi M (1998) Suspended sediment regime in the Huanghe River Estuary and South Bohai Sea, II. Observations in the South Bohai Sea. In: Zhang J (ed) Land–sea interaction in Chinese Coastal Zones. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 44–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang CS, Wang LJ, Li GS, Dong SS, Yang JR, Wang XL (2002) Grain size effect on multi-element concentrations in sediments from the intertidal flats of Bohai Bay, China. Appl Geochem 17:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Cai J, LZ Yuan DX, Chen M (2004a) Distribution and sources of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove surficial sediments of Deep Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 49:479–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZH, Tao S, Ye BX, Peng ZQ, Yuan JP (2004b) Pollution sources and identification of hydrocarbons in soil and sediment using molecular makers. Chin J Soil Sci 35:793–798 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HB, Luo YM, Wong MH, Zhao QG, Zhang GL (2006) Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ Pollut 141:107–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Song JM, Yuan HM (2009) Persistent organic pollutant residues in the sediments and mollusks from the Bohai Sea coastal areas, North China: an overview. Environ Int 35:632–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao BR, Zhuang GW, Cao DM (1995) Circulation, tidal residual currents and their effects on the sedimentations in the Bohai Sea. Oceanol Limenol Sin 26(5):467–473 (in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JL, Maskaoui K (2003) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China. Environ Pollut 121:269–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JL, Fileman TW, Evans S, Donkin P, Donkin P, Llewellyn C, Readman JW, Mantoura RFC, Rowland SJ (1998) Fluoranthene and pyrene in the suspended particulate matter and surface sediments of the Humber Estuary, UK. Mar Pollut Bull 36(8):587–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JL, Hong H, Zhang Z, Maskaou K, Chen W (2000) Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xianmen harbour, China. Water Res 34(7):2132–2150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo Q, Duan YH, Yang Y, Wang XJ, Tao S (2007) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China. Environ Pollut 147:303–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the State Oceanic Administration, China (Grant No. 908-02-02-05, GY02-2008G39 and GY02-2009G19). The authors appreciate all the colleagues who collected the sediment samples. The authors also extend great appreciation to the constructive comments from anonymous reviewers and Professor Guo Zhigang of the Fudan University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 266061, Qingdao, China

    Ningjing Hu, Xuefa Shi, Jihua Liu & Yanguang Liu

  2. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China

    Peng Huang

  3. Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 215000, Suzhou, China

    Ying Liu

Authors
  1. Ningjing Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuefa Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jihua Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peng Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yanguang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ying Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ningjing Hu or Xuefa Shi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hu, N., Shi, X., Liu, J. et al. Concentrations and possible sources of PAHs in sediments from Bohai Bay and adjacent shelf. Environ Earth Sci 60, 1771–1782 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0313-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0313-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation