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Quality of life in Indian patients with functional dyspepsia: Translation and validation of the Hindi version of Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index

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Abstract

Background/Purpose

Patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) have poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but Indian data are  lacking. Also, there is non-availability of validated disease-specific questionnaire to assess HRQOL in Hindi-speaking patients with dyspepsia. We aimed to develop and validate a reliable translation of Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (SF-NDI) in Hindi, and assess the impact of FD on HRQOL in Indian patients.

Methods

Cross-cultural adaptation of English version of SF-NDI, translation to Hindi, and adaptation of Hindi version were performed using standard procedures. English and Hindi versions were assessed against Short Form-36 (SF-36), examining for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity.

Results

Total 211 FD patients (144 Hindi speaking, 67 English speaking) were enrolled (mean age 40.8 ± 11.7 years; male:female = 115:96). Median total SF-NDI scores for both languages were 38.75 and 40.0, respectively. Test–retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.85 (Hindi) and 0.89 (English). Internal consistency evaluation revealed Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.79–0.86 (Hindi) and 0.78–0.89 (English). SF-NDI sub-scales showed moderate to good correlation with various domains of SF-36 (content validity). There was significant (p < 0.001) decline of HRQOL in patients with severe dyspepsia relative to those with mild dyspepsia (construct validity). On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with HRQOL were duration of symptoms and dyspepsia severity.

Conclusion

Both English and Hindi versions of SF-NDI are reliable and valid for HRQOL assessment in Indian FD patients, and will be useful in future epidemiological and clinical studies. Indian FD patients have poor HRQOL, being worse in those with severe dyspepsia and longer duration of symptoms.

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Funding

Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana 141 001, India

    Omesh Goyal, Harsh Kishore, Jaskirat Kaur & Ajit Sood

  2. Department of Medicine, Baba Jaswant Singh Dental College Hospital and Research Institute, Ludhiana, 141 010, India

    Prerna Goyal

  3. Department of Gastroenterology, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana 133 203, India

    Paraag Kumar

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  1. Omesh Goyal
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Correspondence to Omesh Goyal.

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OG, PG, HK, JK, PK, and AS declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval

The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the institutional ethics committee (DMCH/R&D/2021/13). All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

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The authors are solely responsible for the data and the contents of the paper. In no way, the Honorary Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board Members, the Indian Society of Gastroenterology or the printer/publishers are responsible for the results/findings and content of this article.

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Goyal, O., Goyal, P., Kishore, H. et al. Quality of life in Indian patients with functional dyspepsia: Translation and validation of the Hindi version of Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index. Indian J Gastroenterol 41, 378–388 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-021-01233-0

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