Skip to main content
Log in

International comparison of differences in home advantage between level 1 and level 2 of domestic football leagues

Internationaler Vergleich von Unterschieden im Heimvorteil zwischen der ersten und zweiten Spielklasse nationaler Fußballligen

  • Main Article
  • Published:
German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare home advantage at the top two levels of the domestic leagues of a wide selection of countries worldwide. Limited previous work has been inconclusive with home advantage at level 2 appearing at least as high as at level 1. Home advantage was quantified for the most recent seven seasons of the top two levels for 47 countries worldwide and included 168,341 matches. A paired t‑test was used to assess the difference between levels for each country. Home advantage was significantly more likely to be higher at level 2 than at level 1. The difference was especially apparent in Bosnia–Herzegovina, Serbia and Iran (all p < 0.001). Kazakhstan was the only country with a significantly higher advantage at level 1. Possible factors that might be contributing to this finding include players and referees at level 1 being better trained to avoid being influenced by crowd support. Level 2 players may be more intimidated by performing away from home, less well equipped to cope with unfamiliar surroundings and routines, and will also have travelled in less comfort.

Zusammenfassung

In der vorliegenden Studie sollte in einer breiten und weltweiten Auswahl von Ländern der Heimvorteil in den zwei höchsten nationalen Ligen verglichen werden. Die wenigen früheren Studien kamen zu keinem eindeutigen Ergebnis, wobei der Heimvorteil in der zweiten Spielklasse mindestens so hoch wie in der ersten erschien. Der Heimvorteil wurde für die letzten sieben Spielzeiten der zwei höchsten Spielklassen in 47 Ländern weltweit quantifiziert, 168,341 Partien flossen in die Analyse ein. Mit einem gepaarten t‑Test wurde der Unterschied zwischen den Spielklassen für jedes Land ermittelt. Der Heimvorteil war mit signifikant höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit in der zweiten Spielklasse größer als in der ersten. Besonders deutlich war der Unterschied in Bosnien-Herzegowina, Serbien und dem Iran (jeweils p < 0,001). Kasachstan war das einzige Land mit einem signifikant höheren Vorteil in der ersten Spielklasse. Zu den möglicherweise beitragenden Faktoren zählt unter anderem, dass Spieler und Schiedsrichter der ersten Liga besser darauf vorbereitet sind, sich nicht durch das Publikum beeinflussen zu lassen. Spieler der zweiten Liga könnten durch das Auswärtsspiel stärker verunsichert sein und schlechter mit der fremden Umgebung sowie mit den ungewohnten Abläufen umgehen. Zudem ist für sie die Anreise weniger komfortabel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almeida, C. H., & Volossovitch, A. (2017). Home advantage in Portuguese football: effects of level of competition and mid-term trends. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(3), 244–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, L., Oliveira, M., & Silva, C. (2011). Uma análise da vantagem de jogar em casa nas duas principais divisões do futebol profissional brasileiro. Revista Brasileira De Educação Física E Esporte, 25(1), 49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonioni, P., & Cubbin, J. (2000). The Bosman ruling and the emergence of a single market in soccer talent. European Journal of Law and Economics, 9(2), 157–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S. R., & Norman, J. M. (1995). Home ground advantage of individual clubs in English professional soccer. The Statistician, 44, 509–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Courneya, K., & Carron, A. (1992). The home advantage in sport competitions: a literature review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dosseville, F. (2007). Influence of ball type on home advantage in French professional soccer. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(2), 347–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, W. P., Cortina, J. M., Vaslow, J. B., & Burke, M. J. (1996). Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 170–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goumas, C. (2013). Home advantage and crowd size in soccer: a worldwide study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(4), 387–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goumas, C. (2014a). How does crowd support contribute to home advantage in soccer? Journal of Sport Behavior, 37(3), 236–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goumas, C. (2014b). Home advantage and referees bias in European football. European Journal of Sport Science, 14, 243–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goumas, C. (2017). Modelling home advantage for individual teams in UEFA Champions League football. Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 6, 321–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, J. P. (2010). The home field advantage in athletics: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 1819–1848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez, M. Á., & Pollard, R. (2017). Home advantage in elite soccer matches. A transient effect? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(1–2), 86–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leite, W. (2017). Home advantage: comparison between the major European football leagues. Athens Journal of Sports, 4(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, G., Newell, R., & Parker, J. (2014). Referees’ decision making behavior and the sport home advantage phenomenon. Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minitab (2010). Minitab 17 statistical software. Pennsylvania: State College. Computer software

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R. (1986). Home advantage in soccer: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 4(3), 237–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R. (2006a). Worldwide variations in home advantage in association football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 231–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R. (2006b). Home advantage in soccer: variations in its magnitude and a literature review of the inter-related factors associated with its existence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 169–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R. (2008). Home advantage in football: a current review of an unsolved puzzle. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 1, 12–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Armatas, V. (2017). Factors affecting home advantage in football World Cup qualification. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17(1–2), 121–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Gómez, M. A. (2009). Home advantage in football in south-west Europe: long-term trends, regional variation, and team differences. European Journal of Sport Science, 9, 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Gómez, M. Á. (2014a). Components of home advantage in 157 national soccer leagues worldwide. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 218–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Gómez, M. Á. (2014b). Comparison of home advantage in men’s and women’s football leagues in Europe. European Journal of Sport Science, 14, S77–S83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Pollard, G. (2005). Long-term trends in home advantage in professional team sports in North America and England (1876–2003). Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(4), 337–350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., & Seckin, A. (2007). Why is home advantage in south-east Europe the highest in the world? In Y. Theodorakis, M. Goudas & A. Papaioannou (Eds.), Book of long papers. 12th European Congress of Sport Psychology. (pp. 53–56). Halkidiki: FEPSAC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., Armatas, V., & Sani, S. H. Z. (2017). Home advantage in professional football in Iran—differences between teams, levels of play and the effects of climate. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 5, 328–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, R., Prieto, J., & Gómez, M. Á. (2017). Global differences in home advantage by country, sport and sex. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 17, 586–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2014). Does the home advantage depend on crowd support? Evidence from same-stadium derbies. IZA Discussion Paper, 8105, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renáta, V., & Dezso, N. (2006). Psychological aspects of home advantage. Psychiatria Hungarica, 21(6), 422–429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, P. A., Garcia-Calvo, T., Leo, F. M., Pollard, R., & Gómez, M. A. (2009). An analysis of home advantage in the top two Spanish professional football leagues. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 108, 789–797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B., & Barsky, S. (1977). The home advantage. Social Forces, 55(3), 641–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seckin, A., & Pollard, R. (2008). Home advantage in Turkish professional soccer. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 107, 51–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. R. (2003). The home advantage revisited. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 27, 346–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. R. (2005). Disconnects between popular discourse and home advantage research: What can fans and media tell us about the home advantage phenomenon? Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 351–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staufenbiel, K., Riedl, D., & Strauss, B. (2016). Learning to be advantaged: the development of home advantage in high-level youth soccer. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unkelbach, U., & Memmert, D. (2010). Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32, 483–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, N. (2011). Supporters are not necessary for the home advantage: evidence from same-stadium derbies and games without an audience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(12), 2785–2792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A., & Lovell, G. (2002). An examination of the homefield advantage in a professional English soccer team from a psychological standpoint. Football Studies, 5(1), 46–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia (2016). List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attendance_figures_at_domestic_professional_sports_leagues. Accessed 5 Nov 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, S., Wakelin, D., & Lewis, M. (2005). Football supporters’ perceptions of their role in the home advantage. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 365–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Werlayne Leite.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

W. Leite and R. Pollard declare that they have no competing interests.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This research investigated the home-field advantage in association football (soccer), not American football.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leite, W., Pollard, R. International comparison of differences in home advantage between level 1 and level 2 of domestic football leagues. Ger J Exerc Sport Res 48, 271–277 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0507-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0507-2

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation