Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical activity-related health competence as an integrative objective in exercise therapy and health sports – conception and validation of a short questionnaire

Bewegungsbezogene Gesundheitskompetenz als integrative Zielgröße in Bewegungstherapie und Gesundheitssport – Konzeption und Validierung eines Erhebungsverfahrens

  • Hauptbeiträge
  • Published:
Sportwissenschaft Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Health literacy represents an increasingly important subject in health sciences. This article initially illustrates a domain-specific model of physical activity-related health competence. Movement competence, control competence, and PA-specific self-regulation competence are described as sub-competencies.

This article further aims to develop and validate a questionnaire for certain aspects of physical activity-related health competence, especially to record control competencies, which have yet to be operationalized. The questionnaire was tested after a pilot study in two study groups: In study  A, 1028 persons were interviewed in written form at the beginning of a medical rehabilitation program (female: 44.0 %; Mean (M) age = 53.8 years; Standard Deviation (SD) age = 9.2 years). In study B, 1331 participants in fitness- and health-related programs of the university sports were interviewed via an online questionnaire (female: 83.0 %; Mage = 53.8 years; SDage = 9.7 years).

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that domain-specific facets can be differentiated for physical activity-related health competence. Furthermore, the results of structural equation modeling analyses provide evidence that control competence is associated not only with the amount of physical activity, but also with motor function. These findings support the assumption that physical activity-related health competence contributes to the health benefits of physical activity. The questionnaire developed in this study thus enhances the possibilities of competence-orientated research within sport-scientific applications in the area of exercise therapy and health sports.

Zusammenfassung

Die Gesundheitskompetenz ist zunehmend Gegenstand gesundheitswissenschaftlicher Arbeiten geworden. Dieser Beitrag stellt zunächst ein bereichsspezifisches Modell der bewegungsbezogenen Gesundheitskompetenz vor. Als Teilkompetenzen werden Bewegungskompetenz, Steuerungskompetenz und Selbstregulationskompetenz beschrieben.

Weitergehend zielt der Beitrag auf die Entwicklung und Validierung eines Erhebungsverfahrens insbesondere für die bisher nicht operationalisierten Steuerungskompetenzen. Das Verfahren wurde nach einer Pilotstudie in zwei Untersuchungsgruppen erprobt: In Studie A wurden 1028 Personen zu Beginn einer Reha-Maßnahme (Anteil Frauen: 44.0 %; MAlter = 53.8 Jahre; SDAlter = 9.2 Jahre) schriftlich befragt. In Studie B wurden 1331 Teilnehmende im Fitness- und Gesundheitssport des Hochschulsports (Anteil Frauen: 83.0 %; MAlter = 53.8 Jahre; SDAlter = 9.7 Jahre) anhand eines Online-Fragebogens erfasst.

Explorative und konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen ergaben, dass bereichsspezifische Teilkompetenzen für die bewegungsbezogene Gesundheitskompetenz differenziert werden können. Mithilfe von Strukturgleichungsmodellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Steuerungskompetenz sowohl Assoziationen mit der Sportaktivität als auch mit dem motorischen Funktionszustand aufweist. Diese Ergebnisse bekräftigen die Annahme, dass bewegungsbezogene Gesundheitskompetenz einen zusätzlichen Beitrag zu Gesundheitswirkungen von körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität leistet. Das Erhebungsverfahren erweitert die Möglichkeiten kompetenzorientierter Forschung für die sportwissenschaftlichen Anwendungsfelder der Bewegungstherapie und des Gesundheitssports.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The survey was part of a research project headed by Prof. Dr. Gerhard Huber (University of Heidelberg) and Prof. Dr. Gorden Sudeck (University of Tübingen). The research project was funded by the German pension insurance (“Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund”; funding code: 0422-40-64-50-16).

  2. The courses selected were based on the criteria that new participants or returning participants could also be recruited if possible, substantial fluctuation rates were expected, and the courses were not primarily preparatory courses for a competition. As a result, mainly fitness, prevention, and health-related courses as well as beginners’ courses in sports were selected.

  3. Two plausible modifications were needed for the measurement model for motor function: Firstly, in study B in particular, there was a clearly insufficient factor loading for motor function for flexibility (λ = 0.36; SMC = 0.13). This was understandable considering customary dimension approaches to motor skills, which see flexibility as determined primarily by passive structures of the musculoskeletal system and delimit this from the energy and information-processing motor abilities (e. g., Bös et al. 2002). Secondly, the modification index for the covariance of the measurement errors of the total scores for strength and coordination in study B (M.I. = 53.72) indicated that the two indicators still had a common variance that was not represented by the latent construct of motor function. For comparability of the evaluations, flexibility was excluded for both studies and the covariance between the measurement errors of the total scores for strength and coordination was allowed (cf. Fig. 3).

Literatur

  • Abel, T., Sommerhalder, K., & Bruhin, E. (2011). Health Literacy/Gesundheitskompetenzen. In S. Blümel, P. Franzkowiak, L. Kaba-Schönstein, G. Nöcker, & A. Trojan (Eds.), Leitbegriffe der Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention [Key concepts of health promotion and prevention] (pp. 337–340). Gamburg: Verlag für Gesundheitsförderung.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Medical Association (1999). Health literacy: report of the council on scientific affairs. ad hoc committee on health literacy for the council on scientific affairs. The Journal American Medical Association, 281, 552–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, C. J., & Arden, M. A. (2010). A volitional help sheet to increase physical activity in people with low socioeconomic status: a randomized exploratory trial. Psychology and Health, 25, 1129–1145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, W., Wagner, P., Sygusch, R., Schönung, A., & Hahn, U. (2005). Health promotion by means of health sport – a framework and a controlled intervention study with sedentary adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 15, 13–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bös, K., Abel, T., Woll, A., Niemann, S., Schott, N., & Tittlbach, S. (2002). Der Fragebogen zur Erfassung des motorischen Funktionsstatus (FFB-Mot) [The physical fitness questionnaire (FFB-Mot)]. Diagnostica, 2, 101–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bühner, M. (2011). Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion. [Introduction to designing questionnaires and test forms]. Munich: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bürklein, M. (2007). Gesundheitsverständnis und Gesundheitsmodelle [Health concepts and health models]. In L. Vogt, & A. Neumann (Eds.), Sport in der Prävention [Preventive Sport] (2nd edn., pp. 5–32). Cologne: Deutscher Ärzte Verlag.. revised edition

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Sport Institutes (2013). Physical literacy assessment for youth. www.physicalliteracy.ca/play-tools. Accessed 1 April 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Demetriou, Y., Sudeck, G., Thiel, A., & Höner, O. (2015). The effects of school-based physical activity interventions on students’ health related fitness knowledge: A systematic review. Educational Research Review, 16, 19–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (2007). KTL. Klassifikation therapeutischer Leistungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. [Classification of therapeutic services in medical rehabilitation]. Berlin: Buck. Version 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (2014). KTL. Klassifikation therapeutischer Leistungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. [Classification of therapeutic services in medical rehabilitation]. Berlin: Buck. Version 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Döhring, V., & Gissel, N. (2014). Sportunterricht planen und auswerten: Ein Praxisbuch für Lehrende und Studierende [Planning and evaluating physical education: A practice book for lecturers and students] (3rd edn.). Hohengehren: Schneider. revised edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzeyk, W. (2001). Ethische Dimensionen der Online-Forschung. [Ethical dimensions of online-research]. Kölner Psychologische Studien, 6, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzello, S. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities. Sports Medicine, 41, 641–671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. (1997). Psychologie und körperliche Bewegung [Psychology and physical activity]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R. (2003). Sport, Gesundheit und Public Health. [Sport, health, and public health]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R., Klaperski, S., Gerber, M., & Seelig, H. (2015). Messung der Bewegungs- und Sportaktivität mit dem BSA-Fragebogen: Eine methodische Zwischenbilanz. [Measurement of physical activity and sport activity with the BSA questionnaire]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 23, 60–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geidl, W., Semrau, J., & Pfeifer, K. (2014). Health behaviour change theories: Contributions to an ICF-based behavioural exercise therapy for individuals with chronic diseases. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36(24), 2091–2100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giblin, S., Collins, D., & Button, C. (2014). Physical literacy: importance, assessment and future directions. Sports Medicine, 44(9), 1177–1184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, C., Gerlach, E., & Seelig, H. (2015). Development and validation of a test instrument for the assessment of basic motor competencies in primary school. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 19, 80–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, T. J., Middleton, K. R., Winner, L., & Janelle, C. M. (2013). Physical activity interventions differentially affect exercise task and barrier self-efficacy: a meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 33(8), 891–903.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • HLS-EU Consortium (2012). Comparative report of health literacy in eight EU member states. the european health literacy survey HLS-EU First Revised and extended Version, Date July 5th, 2013. www.health-literacy.eu

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G., & Sudeck, G. (2014). Entwicklung einer person-orientierten Bewegungstherapie in der medizinischen Rehabilitation [Development of a person-oriented exercise therapy in medical rehabilitation]. http://forschung.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/ForschPortalWeb/Final2014_Abschlussbericht_PersonOrientierteBewegungstherapie.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Kickbusch, I. (2006). Die Gesundheitsgesellschaft [The health society]. Hamburg: Verlag für Gesundheitsförderung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kickbusch, I., Pelikan, J. M., Apfel, F., & Tsouros, A. D. (2013). Health literacy. The sold facts. Copenhagen: WHO Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krämer, L., & Fuchs, R. (2010). Barrieren und Barrierenmanagement im Prozess der Sportteilnahme. Zwei neue Messinstrumente. [Barriers and barrier management in physical exercise: Introductio of two new assessment instruments]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 18, 170–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz, D., Fritz, T., & Tscherpel, R. (2008). Der MOBAQ-Ansatz als Konzept für Mindeststandards für den Sportunterricht? [The MOBAQ approach as a concept for minimum standards for physical education?]. In V. Oesterhelt, J. Hofmann, M. Schimanski, M. Scholz, & H. Altenberger (Eds.), Sportpädagogik im Spannungsfeld gesellschaftlicher Erwartungen, wissenschaftlicher Ansprüche und empirischer Befunde [Sport pedagogy between societal expectations, scientific demands, and empirical evidence] (pp. 97–106). Hamburg: Czwalina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenartz, N. (2012). Gesundheitskompetenz und Selbstregulation. [Health competence and self-regulation]. Göttingen: V & R unipress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippke, S., & Wiedemann, A. U. (2007). Sozial-kognitive Theorien und Modelle zur Beschreibung und Veränderung von Sport und körperlicher Bewegung – ein Überblick. [Prediction and promotion of sport and exercise: An overview of social cognitive theories and models]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 14, 139–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, E., Lox, C., & Duncan, T. E. (1993). Long-term maintenance of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 218–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2001). Applying Regression and Correlation: A Guide for Students and Researchers. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International, 15(3), 259–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pahmeier, I., & Tiemann, M. (2013). Sport und Gesundheit [Sport and health]. In A. Gülich, & M. Krüger (Eds.), Sport: Das Lehrbuch für das Sportstudium [Sport: the coursebook for sport studies] (pp. 655–696). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, K. (2007). Rückengesundheit. [Healthy back]. Cologne: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, K., Sudeck, G., Brüggemann, S., & Huber, G. (2010). Bewegungstherapie in der medizinischen Rehabilitation – Wirkungen, Qualität und Perspektiven [DGRW-Update: exercise therapy in medical rehabilitation – effects, quality, perspectives]. Rehabilitation, 49, 224–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, K., Sudeck, G., Geidl, W., & Tallner, A. (2013). Bewegungsförderung und Sport in der Neurologie – Kompetenzorientierung und Nachhaltigkeit. [Physical activity enhancement and sports in neurology – competence orientation and sustainability]. Neurologie & Rehabilitation, 19(1), 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheinberg, F., & Engeser, S. (2007). Motive training and motivational competence. In O. C. Schultheiss, & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit Motive. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, W. M., Wilson, P. M., Hall, C. R., Fraser, S. N., & Murray, T. C. (2008). Evidence for a multidimensional self-efficacy for exercise scale. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(2), 222–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. MPR-online, 8(2), 23–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlicht, W. (1998). Gesundheit [Health]. In O. Grupe, & D. Mieth (Eds.), Lexikon der Ethik im Sport [Dictionary of ethics in sport] (pp. 211–217). Schorndorf: Hoffmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Bridging the intention-behavior-gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise. Psychology and Health, 20, 143–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soellner, R., Huber, S., Lenartz, N., & Rudinger, G. (2009). Gesundheitskompetenz – ein vielschichtiger Begriff. [Health competence – a complex term]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 17(3), 105–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health, 12, 80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tiemann, M. (2006). Handlungswissen und Effektwissen [Action knowledge and effect knowledge]. In K. Bös, & W. Brehm (Eds.), Handbuch Gesundheitssport (pp. 357–368). Schorndorf: Hofmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Töpfer, C., & Sygusch, R. (2014). Gesundheitskompetenz im Sportunterricht. [Health competence in physical education]. In S. Becker (Ed.), Aktiv und Gesund? [Active and healthy?] (pp. 153–179). Wiesbaden: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, P., & Singer, R. (2003). Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der habituellen körperlichen Aktivität verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen. [A Questionnaire for the evaluation of habitual physical activity in different populations]. Sportwissenschaft, 33(4), 383–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinert, F. E. (2001). Vergleichende Leistungsmessung in Schulen – eine umstrittene Selbstverständlichkeit. [Comparative assessment of performance in schools – a controversial matter of course]. In F. E. Weinert (Ed.), Leistungsmessungen in Schulen [Assessment of performance in schools] (2nd edn., pp. 17–31). Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, M. (Ed.). (2010). Physical literacy: throughout the Lifecourse. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2009). Milestones in health promotion – statements from global conferences. geneva: WHO.. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/Milestones_Health_Promotion_05022010.pdf. Accessed 1 April 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, A., & Büsch, D. (2006). Das Motorische Selbstwirksamkeits-Inventar (MOSI). [Motor self-efficacy inventory (MOSI). A domain-specific scale of self-efficacy in sport]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 13, 89–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz, M. (2004). Über das Problem fehlender Werte: Wie der Einfluss fehlender Informationen auf Analyseergebnisse entdeckt und reduziert werden kann. [On the Problem of Missing Data: How to Identify and Reduce the Impact of Missing Data on Findings of Data Analysis]. Die Rehabilitation, 43, 109–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Sport Science, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 124, 72074, Tübingen, Deutschland

    Gorden Sudeck

  2. Institute of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstr. 123b, Erlangen, 91058, Deutschland

    Klaus Pfeifer

Authors
  1. Gorden Sudeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus Pfeifer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gorden Sudeck.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

G. Sudeck and K. Pfeifer state that there are no conflicts of interest.

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Caption Electronic Supplementary Material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sudeck, G., Pfeifer, K. Physical activity-related health competence as an integrative objective in exercise therapy and health sports – conception and validation of a short questionnaire. Sportwiss 46, 74–87 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-016-0405-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-016-0405-4

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Search

Navigation