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Composition and Morphological Characteristics of Sulfonated Coconut Shell Biochar and its Use for Corncob Hydrolysis

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Abstract

Coconut shell biochar was sulfonated by a reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting solid acid catalyst was used for the hydrolysis of corncob. The effect of carbonization temperature in the range of 400–700 °C was studied using thermogravimetry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption techniques. The total acid concentration of the sulfonated particles was measured using Boehm titration. The biochar yield decreased from ≈35 to ≈27% with an increase in the carbonization temperature. IR spectroscopy showed absorption bands characteristic of fused carbon rings, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lignin aryl ether, and phenols in the biochar. The total acid density increased from 0.92 to 1.24 mmol/g with an increase in the carbonization temperature and decreased from 1.09 to 0.54 mmol/g with an increase in the H2SO4 concentration from 5 to 50 mL/g-biochar. The oxygen concentration in the raw coconut shell was ≈36 wt%. It decreased to ≈8 wt% in the biochar formed at 700 °C but increased to above 20 wt% after sulfonation. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the biochar was ≈400 m2/g and 1.5 − 3.5 m2/g after sulfonation. The sulfonated biochar was effective in the hydrolysis of corncob polysaccharides. The optimal sulfuric acid to biochar ratio for sulfonation was 5:1 (mL/g). The concentration of reducing sugars in the corncob hydrolysates was 2.1 − 2.8 g/100-g corncob. The coconut-shell-derived solid acid catalysts are expected to be of value in the valorization of a variety of waste biomass.

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Acknowledgements

The use of experimental facilities at the Center for Advanced Materials Processing, a New York State Center for Advanced Technology, at Clarkson University, is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Hubert Bilan for the help in acquiring the scanning electron microscopy images and Christy Behe for the nitrogen adsorption data acquisition. This research was supported by the Obafemi Awolowo University and the Center for Advanced Materials Processing.

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This study received no external funding from anyone or organisation except contributions from authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220282, Nigeria

    Ogechukwu Jude Igboke & Oludare Johnson Odejobi

  2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA

    Temitope Orimolade, Gavin H. Prevatt & Sitaraman Krishnan

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  1. Ogechukwu Jude Igboke
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Correspondence to Oludare Johnson Odejobi or Sitaraman Krishnan.

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Igboke, O.J., Odejobi, O.J., Orimolade, T. et al. Composition and Morphological Characteristics of Sulfonated Coconut Shell Biochar and its Use for Corncob Hydrolysis. Waste Biomass Valor 14, 3097–3113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02080-0

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