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Bioconversion of Fish Scales and Feather Wastes by Bacillus sp. CL18 to Obtain Protease and Bioactive Hydrolysates

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Abstract

Purpose

This study explored diverse substrates/co-substrates to optimize protease production by Bacillus sp. CL18, and examined bioactivities in optimized medium.

Methods

Protease production was assessed using a one-variable-at-a-time approach. Twelve substrates (10 g/L) were initially tested, and the best one was evaluated at 10–50 g/L. Subsequently, 12 co-substrates were added, and then the best one was investigated (1–20 g/L). Proteolytic activity was measured in culture supernatants at days (d) 0–6, using azocasein. In vitro bioactivity assays involved radical-scavenging and Fe2+-chelating abilities, and the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE).

Results

Ground fish scales (FS; 10 g/L) yielded increased protease production (360 U/mL; d4), which was 8–92% higher than other substrates. With FS, higher protease yield (496 U/mL; d4) was observed at 30 g/L (FS30). Among the co-substrates (1 g/L) added to FS30, milled feathers (MF) were the best one (670 U/mL; d4). Finally, highest protease production (780 U/mL; d4) was detected with 5 g/L MF (MF5). After optimization (FS30 + MF5), production was 216% of that with 10 g/L FS. Regarding antioxidant activities, radical-scavenging and Fe2+-chelating capacities in FS30 + MF5 increased from 31.7 to 3.0% (d0) to 77.2 and 55.3% (d4), respectively. In vitro DPP-IV-inhibiting (antidiabetic) and ACE-inhibiting (antihypertensive) activities reached 65.0–73.0% (d1–4) and 71.2% (d4), as compared to 8.3% and 28.7% (d0), respectively.

Conclusion

A low-cost waste-based medium was developed for protease production. Co-production of bioactive hydrolysates further contributes to the valorization of fish scales and feathers, representing a promising bioprocess from a circular economy perspective.

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Data Availability

All data generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil) for the Post-graduation scholarship (DS-CAPES) granted to B. S. Bernardo, and also to Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS, Brazil) for the Scientific Initiation scholarship (PIBIC-UFFS) granted to B. W. Kopplin.

Funding

This work was supported by Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), under grant PES-2020-0264 (Edital No. 270/GR/UFFS/2020).

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  1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente e Tecnologias Sustentáveis, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Campus Cerro Largo, Rua Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580, Cerro Largo, RS, 97900-000, Brazil

    Bernardete da Silva Bernardo & Daniel Joner Daroit

  2. Laboratório de Microbiologia, UFFS, Campus Cerro Largo, Cerro Largo, Brazil

    Bruna Willig Kopplin & Daniel Joner Daroit

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  1. Bernardete da Silva Bernardo
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da Silva Bernardo, B., Kopplin, B.W. & Daroit, D.J. Bioconversion of Fish Scales and Feather Wastes by Bacillus sp. CL18 to Obtain Protease and Bioactive Hydrolysates. Waste Biomass Valor 14, 1045–1056 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01907-6

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