Abstract
In this study, we isolated two bacterial strains, P2 (Pseudomonas geniculata ATCC 19374, P. geniculata ATCC 19374) and B1 (Bacillus cereus EC3, B. cereus EC3) from pig farm soil, which were mixed to construct a novel bacterial mixture (P2:B1 = 1:1). We studied the heterotrophic nitrification capablity and growth characteristics of bacterial mixture in heterotrophic nitrification medium (HNM). And the factors affecting the nitrogen removal of the bacterial mixture such as C/N ratio, NH4+-N load and inoculation size of the bacterial mixture were investigated in this study. Furthermore, we used the bacterial mixture to treat livestock wastewater to remove NH4+-N, TN and COD. The results showed that the optimal C/N ratio and inoculation size for the bacterial mixture were 12 and 5%, respectively. It is worth to mention that the bacterial mixture shows excellent NH4+-N removal ability under low C/N ratio, indicating that the bacterial mixture had the potential to be applied to wastewater with C/N lower than 8. When the initial NH4+-N concentration was 500 mg/L, the NH4+-N removal efficiency exceeded 90% with a 5% inoculation size of the bacterial mixture after 72 h. When the single bacteria and bacterial mixture were employed to treat livestock wastewater, the removal efficiencies of bacterial mixture on NH4+-N, TN and COD within 72 h were 70.06%, 58.12% and 81.48%, respectively, which were higher than that of single bacteria. The bacterial mixture has potential application value in enhancing the ability of reactors and constructed wetlands to remove pollutants from livestock wastewater and developing a novel and efficient biological nitrogen removal technology. Our current research provides a research basis for the application of the bacterial mixture in the future.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhao, B.W., Li, J.Z., Leu, S.Y.: An innovative wood-chip-framework soil infiltrator for treating anaerobic digested swine wastewater and analysis of the microbial community. Bioresour. Technol. 173, 384–391 (2014)
Su, J.J., Liu, B.Y., Chang, Y.C.: Emission of greenhouse gas from livestock waste and wastewater treatment in Taiwan. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 95(1), 253–263 (2003)
Jia, S.Y., Zhang, X.X., Miao, Y., Zhao, Y.T., Ye, L., Li, B., Zhang, T.: Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their associations with bacterial community in livestock breeding wastewater and its receiving river water. Water Res. 124, 259–268 (2017)
Restu, A.A., Erwanto, Y., Hadisaputro, W., Yusiati, L.M., Fitriyanto, N.A.: Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T heterotrophic and aerobic ammonium removal for potential livestock’s wastewater treatment. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture 337–344 (2017)
Cho, J.C., Cho, H.B., Kim, S.J.: Heavy contamination of a subsurface aquifer and a stream by livestock wastewater in a stock farming area, Wonju, Korea. Environ. Pollut. (Barking, Essex: 1987) 109(1), 137–146 (2000)
Sasaki, H., Nonaka, J., Sasaki, T., Nakai, Y.: Ammonia removal from livestock wastewater by ammonia-assimilating microorganisms immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol. J Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 34(2), 105–110 (2007)
Sun, S.P., Nàcher, C.P.I., Merkey, B., Zhou, Q., Xia, S.Q., Yang, D.H., Sun, J.H., Smets, B.F.: Effective biological nitrogen removal treatment processes for domestic wastewaters with low C/N ratios: a review. Environ. Eng. Sci. 27(2), 111–126 (2010)
Khardenavis, A.A., Kapley, A., Purohit, H.J.: Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by diverse Diaphorobacter sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 77(2), 403–409 (2007)
Khin, T., Annachhatre, A.P.: Novel microbial nitrogen removal processes. Biotechnol. Adv. 22(7), 519–532 (2004)
Guštin, S., Marinšek-Logar, R.: Effect of pH, temperature and air flow rate on the continuous ammonia stripping of the anaerobic digestion effluent. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 89(1), 61–66 (2011)
Luo, X., Su, J., Shao, P., Liu, H., Luo, X.: Efficient autotrophic denitrification performance through integrating the bio-oxidation of Fe(II) and Mn(II). Chem. Eng. 348, 669–677 (2018)
Zhang, J., Wu, P., Hao, B., Yu, Z.: Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by the bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri YZN-001. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 9866–9869 (2011)
Chen, M.X., Wang, W.C., Feng, Y., Zhu, X.H., Zhou, H.Z., Tan, Z.L., Li, X.D.: Impact resistance of different factors on ammonia removal by heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium Aeromonas sp HN-02. Bioresour. Technol. 167, 456–461 (2014)
Song, Z.F., An, J., Fu, G.H., Yang, X.L.: Isolation and characterization of an aerobic denitrifying Bacillus sp. YX-6 from shrimp culture ponds. Aquaculture 319(1–2), 188–193 (2011)
Zhang, Q.L., Liu, Y., Ai, G.M., Miao, L.L., Zheng, H.Y., Liu, Z.P.: The characteristics of a novel heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain L7. Bioresour. Technol. 108, 35–44 (2012)
Barman, P., Kati, A., Mandal, A.K., Bandyopadhyay, P., Mohapatra, P.K.D.: Biopotentiality of Bacillus cereus PB45 for nitrogenous waste detoxification in ex situ model. Aquacult. Int. 25(3), 1167–1183 (2017)
Shoda, M., Ishikawa, Y.: Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification of high-strength ammonium in anaerobically digested sludge by Alcaligenes faecalis strain No. 4. J Biosci. Bioeng. 117(6), 737–741 (2014)
Yan, X., Zheng, J.X., Han, Y.P., Liu, J.W., Sun, J.H.: Effect of influent C/N ratio on N2O emissions from anaerobic/anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal processes. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24(30), 23714–23724 (2017)
Liang, Q., Zhang, X.P., Lee, K.H., Wang, Y.B., Yu, K., Shen, W.Y., Fu, L.Q., Shu, M.A., Li, W.F.: Nitrogen removal and water microbiota in grass carp culture following supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis BSK-4. World J Microb. Biot. 31(11), 1711–1718 (2015)
Joo, H., Hirai, M., Shoda, M.: Characteristics of ammonium removal by heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis No. 4. J Biosci. Bioeng. 100(2), 184–191 (2005)
Su, J.F., Zhang, K., Huang, T.L., Wen, G., Guo, L., Yang, S.F.: Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at low nutrient conditions by a newly isolated bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. SYF26. Microbiology 161(4), 829–837 (2015)
Kim, J.K., Park, K.J., Cho, K.S., Nam, S.W., Park, T.J., Bajpai, R.: Aerobic nitrification-denitrification by heterotrophic Bacillus strains. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 1897–1906 (2005)
Yang, J.R., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Lyu, Y.K.: Ammonium removal characteristics of an acid-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter sp. JR1 from pharmaceutical wastewater capable of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification. Bioresour. Technol. 274, 56–64 (2019)
Liu, Y., Ai, G.M., Miao, L.L., Liu, Z.P.: Marinobacter strain NNA5, a newly isolated and highly efficient aerobic denitrifier with zero N2O emission. Bioresour. Technol. 206, 9–15 (2016)
Xia, L., Li, X.M., Fan, W.H., Wang, J.L.: Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification by a novel Acinetobacter sp. ND7 isolated from municipal activated sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 301, 122749 (2020)
Li, J.Z., Meng, J., Li, J.L., Wang, C., Deng, K.W., Sun, K., Buelna, G.: The effect and biological mechanism of COD/TN ratio on nitrogen removal in a novel upflow microaerobic sludge reactor treating manure-free piggery wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 209, 360–368 (2016)
Zhao, B., Tian, M., An, Q., Ye, J., Guo, J.S.: Characteristics of a heterotrophic nitrogen removal bacterium and its potential application on treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 226, 46–54 (2016)
Gao, J.Q., Zhu, T.D., Liu, C., Zhang, J.S., Li, Y.: Ammonium removal characteristics of heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri GEP-01 with potential for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 43(1), 1–11 (2020)
Ni, S.Q., Ni, J.Y., Hu, D.L., Sung, S.W.: Effect of organic matter on the performance of granular anammox process. Bioresour. Technol. 110, 701–705 (2012)
Duan, J.M., Fang, H.D., Su, B., Chen, J.F., Lin, J.M.: Characterization of a halophilic heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium and its application on treatment of saline wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 179, 421–428 (2015)
Zhang, N., Chen, H., Lyu, Y.K., Wang, Y.: Nitrogen removal by a metal-resistant bacterium, Pseudomonas putida ZN1, capable to heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 94, 1165–1175 (2018)
Yang, L., Ren, Y.X., Liang, X., Zhao, S.Q., Wang, J.P., Xia, Z.H.: Nitrogen removal characteristics of a heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter junii YB and its potential application for the treatment of high-strength nitrogenous wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 193, 227–233 (2015)
Liu, Y.X., Hu, T.T., Song, Y.J., Chen, H.P., Lv, Y.K.: Heterotrophic nitrogen removal by Acinetobacter sp. Y1 isolated from coke plant wastewater. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 120, 549–554 (2015)
Zhao, K., Tian, X.L., Li, H.D., Dong, S.L., Jiang, W.W.: Characterization of a novel marine origin aerobic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium isolated from shrimp culture ponds. Aquac. Res. 8, 1770–1781 (2019)
Joo, H., Hirai, M., Shoda, M.: Improvement in ammonium removal efficiency in wastewater treatment by mixed culture of Alcaligenes faecalis no. 4 and L1. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 103, 66–73 (2007)
Zhang, H.H., Zhao, Z.F., Li, S.L., Chen, S.N., Huang, T., Li, N., Yang, S.Y., Wang, Y., Kou, L.Q., Zhang, X.Y.: Nitrogen removal by mix-cultured aerobic denitrifying bacteria isolated by ultrasound: performance, co-occurrence pattern and wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. 372, 26–36 (2019)
Kim, M., Jeong, S.Y., Yoon, S.J., Cho, S.J., Kim, Y.H., Kim, M.J., Ryu, E.Y., Lee, S.J.: Aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas putida AD-21 at different C/N ratios. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 106(5), 498–502 (2008)
Zhang, W., Yan, C., Shen, J.L., Wei, R.P., Gao, Y., Miao, A.J., Xiao, L., Yang, L.Y.: Characterization of aerobic denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina strain GL6 and Its potential application in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16(3), 364 (2019)
Zhang, Q.Y., Yang, P., Liu, L.S., Liu, Z.J.: Formulation and characterization of a heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification synthetic microbial community and its application to livestock wastewater treatment. Water 12(1), 218 (2020)
Zhang, D.Y., Li, W.G., Huang, X.F., Qin, W., Liu, M.: Removal of ammonium in surface water at low temperature by a newly isolated Microbacterium sp. strain SFA13. Bioresour. Technol. 137, 147–152 (2013)
Song, Y.J., Yi, L., Liu, Y.X., He, W.L.: Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on nitrogen removal by a heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain Y1. Acta Sci. Circum. 33(9), 2491–2497 (2013)
Qiao, Z.X., Sun, R., Wu, Y.G., Hu, S.H., Liu, X.Y., Chan, J.W.: Microbial heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification dominates simultaneous removal of aniline and ammonium in aquatic ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 231(3), 1–14 (2020)
Rout, P.R., Bhunia, P., Dash, R.R.: Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorous from domestic wastewater using Bacillus cereus GS-5 strain exhibiting heterotrophic nitrification, aerobic denitrification and denitrifying phosphorous removal. Bioresour. Technol. 244, 484–495 (2017)
Zhao, B., Ran, X.C., Tian, M., An, Q., Guo, J.S.: Assessing the performance of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor bioaugmented with P. stutzeri strain XL-2 treating ammonium-rich wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 270, 70–79 (2018)
Vadivelu, V.M., Keller, J., Yuan, Z.: Effect of free ammonia on the respiration and growth processes of an enriched Nitrobacter culture. Water Res. 41(4), 826–834 (2007)
Ramadan, M.A., El-Tayeb, O.M., Alexander, M.: Inoculum size as a factor limiting success of inoculum for biodegradation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56(5), 1392–1396 (1990)
Zhao, B., Ye, J., An, Q., Lv, Q., Chen, J.: Optimization of cultivating conditions for ammonium removal by Alcaligenes sp. HN in synthetic ammonium-containing wastewater. Disaster Adv. 6, 308–315 (2013)
Barman, P., Bandyopadhyay, P., Kati, A., Paul, T., Mandal, A.K., Mondal, K.C., Das Mohapatra, P.K.: Characterization and strain improvement of aerobic denitrifying EPS producing bacterium Bacillus cereus PB88 for shrimp water quality management. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 9, 1319–1330 (2018)
Yang, Y.L., Lin, E., Sun, S.Q., Tao, X.Y., Zhong, L., Hu, K.H.: Piggery wastewater treatment by Acinetobacter sp. TX5 immobilized with spent mushroom substrate in a fixed-bed reactor. Sci. Total Environ. 644, 1460–1468 (2018)
Chen, L.F., Lin, J.Q., Pan, D., Ren, Y.L., Lin, J.Q.: Ammonium removal by a newly isolated heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria Pseudomonas Stutzeri SDU10 and its potential in treatment of piggery wastewater. Curr. Microbiol. 77(7), 2792–2801 (2020)
Yu, Y., An, Q., Zhou, Y., Deng, S.M., Miao, Y., Zhao, B., Yang, L.: Highly synergistic effects on ammonium removal by the co-system of Pseudomonas stutzeri XL-2 and modified walnut shell biochar. Bioresour. Technol. 280, 239–246 (2019)
Bruger, E.L., Watersa, B.C.M.: Maximizing growth yield and dispersal via quorum sensing promotes cooperation in Vibrio bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84(14), 402–418 (2018)
Patel, A.B., Mahala, K., Jain, K., Madamwar, D.: Development of mixed bacterial cultures DAK11 capable for degrading mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bioresour. Technol. 253, 288–296 (2018)
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful for the support by the Major Special Science and Technology Project of Henan Province (181100310300), the National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX07602-003-002), and the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020TQ0284).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, L., Gao, J., Huang, Z. et al. Potential Application of a Pseudomonas geniculata ATCC 19374 and Bacillus cereus EC3 Mixture in Livestock Wastewater Treatment. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 3927–3938 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01286-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01286-w