Abstract
Two-step catalytic pyrolysis of spirogyra, a filamentous alga commonly found in freshwater ditches and ponds, was investigated in a batch pyrolyser under static conditions. The effects of temperature, quantity of catalyst and retention time on properties of the pyrolysis products and yields of the oil, gases and solid residue were investigated. The liquid product obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of the powdered spirogyra was separated into three major fractions by distillation; i.e. a small quantity of flammable liquid, water and a brownish paste-like organic fraction. The paste was converted into a highly flammable gas and oil on catalytic pyrolysis, using cement as catalyst. This oil was analyzed and separated using GC-FID and GC–MS. It was found that the two-step catalytic pyrolysis of spirogyra has potential due to its yield, which had good liquid product density and low oxygen content.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Demirbaş, A.: Oily products from mosses and algae via pyrolysis. Energy Sources Part A 28, 933–940 (2006)
Brennan, L., Owende, P.: Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 557577 (2010)
Huber, G.W., Corma, A.: Synergies between bio-and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 46, 7184–7201 (2007)
Butler, E., Devlin, G., McDonnell, K.: Waste polyolefins to liquid fuels via pyrolysis: review of commercial state-of-the-art and recent laboratory research. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2, 227–255 (2011)
Oasmaa, A., Czernik, S.: Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils state of the art for the end users. Energy Fuels 13, 914–921 (1999)
Lu, Q., Li, W.Z., Zhu, X.F.: Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Convers. Manag. 50, 1376–1383 (2009)
French, R., Czernik, S.: Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production. Fuel Process Technol. 91, 25–32 (2010)
Williams, P.T., Besler, S.: The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass. Renew. Energy 7, 233–250 (1996)
Agarwal, M., Tardio, J., Mohan, S.V.: Pyrolysis bio-char from cellulosic municipal solid waste as adsorbent for azo dye removal; equilibrium isotherms and kinetics analysis. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 6, 67–72 (2015)
Nokkosmäki, M.I., Kuoppala, E.T., Leppämäki, E.A., Krause, A.O.I.: Catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis vapours with zinc oxide. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 55, 119–131 (2000)
Demirbaş, A.: Production of biodiesel from algae oils. Energy Sources Part A 31, 163–168 (2008)
Patel, B., Gami, B.: Biomass characterization and its use as solid fuel for combustion. Iranica J. Energy Environ. 3, 123–128 (2012)
Hussain, Z., Sulaiman, S.A., Gul, H., Khalid, S., Khan, K.M., Gulab, H., Naz, M.Y.: Conversion of waste-soap and soap-like materials into diesel and gasoline by catalytic pyrolysis using virgin soap as model. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 94, 94 (2016)
Ko, C.H., Park, S.H., Jeon, J.K., Suh, D.J., Jeong, K.E., Park, Y.K.: Upgrading of biofuel by the catalytic deoxygenation of biomass. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 29, 1657–1665 (2012)
Pan, P., Hu, C., Yang, W., Li, Y., Dong, L., Zhu, L., Tong, D., Qing, R., Fan, Y.: The direct pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of Nannochloropsis sp. residue for renewable bio-oils. Bioresource technol. 101, 4593–4599 (2010)
Horne, P.A., Williams, P.T.: Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel 75, 1051–1059 (1996)
Costello, C.K., Kung, M.C., Oh, H.S., Wang, Y., Kung, H.H.: Nature of the active site for CO oxidation on highly active Au/γ-Al2O3. Appl. Catal. A General. 232, 159–168 (2002)
Bchir, F.S., El-Falleh, A., Ghabbarou, E., Hamdi, M.: 3rd generation bioethanol production from microalgae isolated from slaughterhouse wastewater. Waste Biomass Valoriz. (2016). doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9492-6
Güllü, D., Demirbaş, A.: Biomass to methanol via pyrolysis process. Energy Convers. Manag. 42, 1349–1356 (2001)
Krishna, B.B., Biswas, B., Kumar, J., Singh, R., Bhaskar, T.: Role of reaction temperature on pyrolysis of cotton residue. Waste Biomass Valoriz 7, 71–78 (2015)
Perveen, S., Hussain, H., Khan, K.M.: Antifungal activity of the liquid obtained from pyrolysis of paper. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 30, 876–878 (2008)
Patwardhan, P.R.: Influence of inorganic salts on the primary pyrolysis products of cellulose. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4646–4655 (2010)
Babu, B.V.: Biomass pyrolysis: a state-of-the-art review. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 2, 393–414 (2008)
Huang, H., Tang, L.: Treatment of organic waste using thermal plasma pyrolysis technology. Energy Convers. Manag. 48, 1331–1337 (2007)
Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., Corma, A.: Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106, 4044–4098 (2006)
Perveen, S., Hussain, Z., Khan, K.M.: Comparison of the product distribution of the pyrolysis of paper with its oxidative cracking. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 6, 925–927 (2009)
Garcia, L., Salvador, M.L., Arauzo, J., Bilbao, R.: Catalytic steam gasification of pine sawdust; Effect of catalyst weight/biomass flow rate and steam/biomass ratios on gas production and composition. Energy Fuels 13, 851–859 (1999)
Gopakumar, S.T., Adhikari, S., Chattanathan, S.A., Gupta, R.B.: Catalytic pyrolysis of green algae for hydrocarbon production using H+ ZSM-5 catalyst. Bioresour Technol. 118, 150–157 (2012)
Acknowledgments
This research project is partially funded by MyRA Five Star Incentive Grant, Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia, Cost center No. 0153AB-J17.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hussain, Z., Sulaiman, S.A., Khan, A. et al. Two-Step Pyrolysis of Spirogyra for Fuels Using Cement Catalytic. Waste Biomass Valor 7, 1481–1489 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9552-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9552-y