Abstract
Stillage valorization is a key aspect of cereal-based bioethanol production due to its significant economic value to first-generation biorefineries. In this study, white-rot fungi (wrf) were used to increase the nutritional characteristics of stillage from distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of the bioethanol industry. A ligninolytic fungus was selected from a screen of nine wrf strains, resulting in a 32 % increase in the protein content after secondary fermentation. Additionally, an important ligninolytic enzyme was produced from this treatment. A study of operational conditions, including the percentage of stillage in the culture medium, type of fermentation (agitated or static culture), and the scale-up from Erlenmeyer flasks to a 4 L bioreactor, was also conducted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonnardeaux, J.: Potential Uses for Distillers Grains. Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia. www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/sust/biofuel/potentialusesgrains042007.pdf (2007). Accessed 12 Dec 2011
Kononoff, P.J.: Nutritional Science and Practical Challenges of Feeding DDGS. In: Proceedings of the Penn State Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop pp. 85–91 (2010)
Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H., Shurson, G.C.: Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 2639–2645 (2002)
Kingsly, A.R.P., Ileleji, K.E., Clementson, C.L., Garcia, A., Maier, D.E., Stroshine, R.L., Radcliff, S.: The effect of process variables during drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)—Plant scale experiments. Bioresour. Tehcnol. 101, 193–199 (2010)
Brown, L.R.: World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse. W.W. Norton & Company, New York (2011). Data obtained from http://www.earth-policy.org/books/wote/wote_data, and http://www.earth-policy.org/data_center/C23 (2001). Accessed 12 Dec 2011
Robinson, P.H., Karges, K., Gibson, M.L.: Nutritional evaluation of four co-product feedstuffs from the motor fuel ethanol distillation industry in the Midwestern USA. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 146(3–4), 345–352 (2008)
Gibson, M., Karges, K.: Overview of the ethanol industry and production of DDG/S (a nutritionist’s perspective). In: Multi-State Poultry Feeding and Nutrition Conference, Indianapolis, IN, May 23–25. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (2006)
Kim, E.J., Martinez, A.C., Utterback, P.L., Parsons, C.M.: Phosphorus bioavailability, true metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibilities of high protein corn distillers dried grains and dehydrated corn germ. Poult. Sci. 87, 700–705 (2008)
Singh, V., Johnston, D.B., Naidu, K., Rausch, K.D., Belyea, R.L., Tumbleson, M.E.: Comparison of modified dry-grind corn processes for fermentation characteristics and DDGS composition. Cereal Chem. 82(2), 187–190 (2005)
Srinivasan, R., Moreau, R.A., Parsons, C., Lane, J.D., Singh, V.: Separation of fiber from distillers dried grains (DDG) using sieving and elutriation. Biomass Bioenergy 32, 468–472 (2008)
Tien, M., Kirk, T.K.: Lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. In: Wood, W.A., Kellog, S.T. (eds.) Methods in enzymology, 161, biomass part B: lignin, pectin and chitin, pp. 238–249. Academic Press, San Diego (1988)
Moreira, M.T., Feijoo, G., Sierra Alvarez, R., Lema, J., Field, J.A.: Biobleaching of oxygen delignified kraft pulp by several white rot fungal strains. J. Biotechnol. 53, 237–251 (1997)
Rodríguez, E., Nuero, O., Guillén, F., Martínez, A.T., Martínez, M.J.: Degradation of phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic pollutants by four Pleurotus species: the role of laccase and versatile peroxidase. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36(6), 909–916 (2004)
Van den Hombergh, J.P.T.W., Van de Vondervoort, P.J., Visser, J.: New protease mutants in Aspergillus niger result in strongly reduced in vitro degradation of target proteins; genetical and biochemical characterization of seven complementation groups. Curr. Genet. 28, 299–308 (1995)
Eibes, G., Lú-Chau, T.A., Ruiz-Dueñas, F., Feijoo, G., Martínez, M.J., Martínez, A.T., Lema, J.: Effect of culture temperature on the heterologous expression of Pleurotus eryngii versatile peroxidase in Aspergillus hosts. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 32(1), 129–134 (2009)
Calero-Rueda, O., Plou, F.J., Ballesteros, A., Martınez, A.T., Martınez, M.J.: Production, isolation and characterization of a sterol esterase from Ophiostoma piceae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1599, 28–35 (2002)
AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th edn. AOAC Intern, Gaithersburg, MD (1997)
Tilley, J.M., Terry, R.A.: A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci. 18(2), 104–111 (1963)
Lu-Chau, T.A., Ruiz-Dueñas, F.J., Camarero, S., Feijoo, G., Martinez, M.J., Lema, J.M., Martinez, A.T.: Effect of pH on the stability of Pleurotus eryngii versatile peroxidase during heterologous production in Emericella nidulans. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 26, 287–293 (2004)
Cozannet, P., Primot, Y., Gady, C., Métayer, J.P., Lessire, M., Skiba, F., Noblet, J.: Energy value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for growing pigs and adult sows. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 2382–2392 (2010)
Applegate, T.J., Troche, C., Jiang, Z., Johnson, T.: The nutritional value of high-protein corn distillers dried grains for broiler chickens and its effect on nutrient excretion. Poultry Sci. 88, 354–359 (2009)
Piscitelli, A., Pezzella, C., Giardina, P., Faraco, V., Giovanni, S.: Heterologous laccase production and its role in industrial applications. Bioengineered Bugs 1(4), 252–262 (2010)
Osma, J.F., Toca-Herrera, J.L., Rodríguez-Couto, S.: Uses of laccases in the food industry. Enzyme Research, Article ID 918761, 8 p (2010). doi:10.4061/2010/918761
Castro, A.M., Andréa, T., Carvalho, D., Teixeira, M., Reis Castilho, L., Freire, D.: Valorization of residual agroindustrial cakes by fungal production of multienzyme complexes and their use in cold hydrolysis of raw starch. Waste Biomass Valor. 2(3), 291–302 (2011)
Sigma-Aldrich Catalogue, at http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/metabolomics/enzyme-explorer/analytical-enzymes/enzymes-for-aer.html#lignin_related_enzymes. Accessed 12 Dec 2011
US. Department of Agriculture.: National Weekly Distillers Grains Summary, Agricultural Marketing Service. http://www.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/nw_gr212.txt (2011). Accessed 3 June 2011
Kwiatkowski, J.R., McAloon, A.J., Taylor, F., Johnston, D.B.: Modeling the process and costs of fuel ethanol production by the corn dry-grind process. Ind. Crop Prod. 23(3), 288–296 (2006)
Klein-Marcuschamer, D., Blanch, H.W., Simmons, B.A.: The challenge of enzyme cost in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109(4), 1083–1087 (2012)
López, C., Moreira, M.T., Feijoo, G., Lema, J.M.: Economic comparison of enzymatic reactors and advanced oxidation processes applied to the degradation of phenol as a model compound. Biocatalysis Biotransform. 29(6), 344–353 (2011)
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Research Project (PGIDIT04REM019E) from the Galician Government and was carried out in collaboration with Abengoa Bioenergy (Bioetanol Galicia S.A). We also want to acknowledge María J. Martinez from the CIB (Madrid), Antonio Gonzalez Rodríguez from the CIAM (Mabegondo, A Coruña) and the laboratory personnel from Bioetanol Galicia for analytical support provided during the development of this work. T. Lu-Chau wishes to thank the Isabel Barreto program from the Galician Government for economic support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pena, R., Lú-Chau, T.A. & Lema, J.M. Use of White-Rot Fungi for Valorization of Stillage From Bioethanol Production. Waste Biomass Valor 3, 295–303 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9130-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9130-x