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Effect of Microglia Activation on Dopaminergic Neuronal Injury Induced by Manganese, and Its Possible Mechanism

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Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element. It is known to have various functions, such as participating in enzymatic synthesis, and promoting hematopoiesis. On the other hand, it can cause toxic injury upon excess intake. However, toxic effects and its mechanism on glial cells are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that MnCl2 can activate microglia, and that this can cause dopaminergic neuronal injury. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was induced and highly expressed following Mn treatment. Moreover, pretreatment with S-methylisothiourea (SMT. iNOS inhibitor), Mn-induced iNOS expression and dopaminergic neuronal injury were partly reverse. Pretreatment with minocycline (microglia activation inhibitor), Mn-induced activation of microglia and dopaminergic neuronal injury was partly reverse. Taken together, our results showed that Mn can cause microglia activation, which can up-regulate the level of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS, and these inflammatory factors can cause dopaminergic neuronal injury. SMT and minocycline prevent Mn-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury.

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Abbreviations

Mn:

Manganese

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

CNS:

Central nervous system

NO:

Nitric oxide

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

SD-rats:

Sprague-Dawley rats

SMT:

S-methylisothiourea

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

DMEM/F12:

Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium:Nutrient mixture F-12(Ham)(1:1)

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

SN:

Substantia nigra

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant #30571545 (WL), #30471434 (WL), and #30771768 (JC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changlexi Road, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Mingchao Liu, Tongjian Cai, Fang Zhao, Gang Zheng, Qiang Wang, Yaoming Chen, Wenjing Luo & Jingyuan Chen

  2. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA

    Chuanshu Huang

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  1. Mingchao Liu
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  2. Tongjian Cai
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  3. Fang Zhao
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  4. Gang Zheng
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  5. Qiang Wang
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  7. Chuanshu Huang
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  8. Wenjing Luo
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Correspondence to Wenjing Luo or Jingyuan Chen.

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Mingchao Liu and Tongjian Cai contributed equally to this work.

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Liu, M., Cai, T., Zhao, F. et al. Effect of Microglia Activation on Dopaminergic Neuronal Injury Induced by Manganese, and Its Possible Mechanism. Neurotox Res 16, 42–49 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-009-9045-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-009-9045-x

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