Abstract
Some basic properties of granules, including the granule size distribution, packed-bed permeability, and chemical composition of the adhering layer, were investigated in this study for four iron ore blends consisting of 5wt%, 25wt%, and 45wt% ultrafine magnetite and 25wt% ultrafine hematite concentrates. The effects of varying the sinter basicity (CaO/SiO2 mass ratio = 1.4 to 2.2) and adding ultrafine concentrates on the variation of the adhering-layer composition and granule microstructure were studied. Moreover, the effect of adhering-layer compositional changes on sintering reactions was discussed in combination with pot sintering results of ore blends. Increasing sinter basicity led to an increase in the basicities of both the adhering layer and the fine part of the sinter mix, which were higher than the overall sinter basicity. When the sinter chemistry was fixed and fine Si-bearing materials (e.g., quartz sand) were used, increasing the amount of ultrafine ores in the ore blends tended to reduce the adhering-layer basicity and increase the SiO2 content in both the adhering layer and the fine part of the sinter mix, which will induce the formation of low-strength bonding phases and the deterioration of sinter strength. The adhering-layer composition in granules can be estimated in advance from the compositions of the −1 mm fractions of the raw materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.W. Roller, Granulation of iron ores, BHP Tech. Bull., 26(1982), p. 44.
E. Kasai, W.J. Rankin, and J.F. Gannon, The effect of raw mixture properties on bed permeability during sintering, ISIJ Int., 29(1989), No. 1, p. 33.
A. Formoso, A. Moro, G. Fernández Pello, J.L. Menéndez, M. Muñiz, and A. Cores, Influence of nature and particle size distribution on granulation of iron ore mixtures used in a sinter strand, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 30(2003), No. 6, p. 447.
J.W. Jeon, S.W. Kim, I.K. Suh, and S.M. Jung, Assimilation behavior of quasi-particle comprising high alumina pisolitic ore, ISIJ Int., 54(2014), No. 12, p. 2713.
T. Haga, A. Ohshio, K. Nakamura, T. Kozono, and K. Uekawa, Control technique of the melting reaction in sintering process by the fine part selective granulation of clayish iron ores, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 83(1997), No. 2, p. 103.
S.L. Wu, J. Zhu, J.C. Bei, G.L. Zhang, and X.B. Zhai, Effects of particle characteristics on the granulation ability of iron ores during the sintering process, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater, 22(2015), No. 9, p. 907.
F. Zhang, D.Q. Zhu, J. Pan, Y.P. Mo, and Z.Q Guo, Improving the sintering performance of blends containing Canadian specularite concentrate by modifying the binding medium, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 25(2018), No. 6, p. 598.
A. Sakai, H. Noda, H. Sato, M. Shiobara, K.Hashimoto, and K. Yamashita, Technological improvements to attain high productivity at Fukuyama No. 5 sintering machine (HPS), [in] NKK Technical Report, Japanese edition, 2001, p. 34.
T. Jiang, G.H. Li, H.T. Wang, K.C. Zhang, and Y.B. Zhang, Composite agglomeration process (CAP) for preparing blast furnace burden, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 37(2010), No. 1, p. 1.
J. Pan, B.J. Shi, D.Q. Zhu, and Y.P. Mo, Improving sintering performance of specularite concentrates by pre-briquetting process, ISIJ Int., 56(2016), No. 5, p. 777.
S. Wu, T. Sugiyama, K. Morioka, E. Kasai, and Y. Omori, Elimination reaction of NO gas generated from coke combustion in iron ore sinter bed, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 80(1994), No. 4, p. 276.
K. Katayama and S.J. Kasama, Influence of lime coating coke on NOx concentration in sintering process, ISIJ Int., 56(2016), No. 9, p. 1563.
M. Gan, X.H. Fan, W. Lü, X.L. Chen, Z.Y. Ji, T. Jiang, Z.Y. Yu, and Y. Zhou, Fuel pre-granulation for reducing NOx emission from the iron ore sintering process, Powder Technol., 301(2016), p. 478.
H. Zhou, Z.H. Liu, M. Cheng, M.X. Zhou, and R.P. Liu, Influence of coke combustion on NOx emission during iron ore sintering, Energy Fuels, 29(2015), No. 2, p. 974.
C.E. Loo and W. Leung, Factors influencing the bonding phase structure of iron ore sinters, ISIJ Int., 43(2003), No. 9, p. 1393.
L.M. Lu and R.J. Holmes, Effects of alumina on sintering performance of hematite iron ores, ISIJ Int., 47(2007), No. 3, p. 349.
J. Okazaki and K. Higuchi, Marra Mamba ore, its mineralogical properties and evaluation for utilization, ISIJ Int., 45(2005), No. 4, p. 427.
H.L. Han and L.M. Lu, Recent advances in sintering with high proportions of magnetite concentrates, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev, 39(2018), No. 4, p. 217.
C.C. Yang, D.Q. Zhu, B.J. Shi, J. Pan, L.M. Lu, X.B. Li, and Y.P. Mo, Comparison of sintering performance of typical specular hematite ores with distinct size distributions, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 24(2017), No. 10, p. 1007.
L.X. Yang, Sintering fundamentals of magnetite alone and blended with hematite/goethite ores, ISIJ Int., 45(2005), No. 4, p. 469.
J.W. Jeon, S.W. Kim, and S.M. Jung, Utilization of magnetite concentrate as an additive in adhering fines of quasi-particle and its effect on assimilation behavior, ISIJ Int., 55(2015), No. 3, p. 513.
C.C. Yang, D.Q. Zhu, J. Pan, and L.M. Lu, Granulation effectiveness of iron ore sinter feeds: Effect of ore properties, ISIJ Int., 58(2018), No. 8, p. 1427.
L.M. Lu, Important iron ore characteristics and their impacts on sinter quality—a review, Miner. Metall. Process., 32(2015), No. 2, p. 88.
M.I. Pownceby and J.M.F. Clout, Phase relations in the Fe-rich part of the system Fe2O3 (-Fe3O4)-CaO-SiO2 at 1240–1300°C and oxygen partial pressure of 5×10−3 atm: implications of iron ore sinter, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., 109(2000), No. 1, p. 36.
N.A.S. Webster, M.I. Pownceby, I.C. Madsen, A.J. Studer, J.R. Manuel, and J.A. Kimpton, Fundamentals of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) and SFCA-I iron ore sinter bonding phase formation: effects of CaO:SiO2 ratio, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2014), No. 6, p. 2097.
W.J. Rankin, P.W. Roller, and R.J. Batterham, Analysis of the permeability of granulated iron ore sinter feeds using the Ergun equation, Miner. Metall. Process., 2(1985), No. 1, p. 53.
J. Hinkley, A.G. Waters, and J.D. Litster, An investigation of pre-ignition air flow in ferrous sintering, Int. J. Miner. Process., 41(1994), No. 1–2, p. 37.
B.G. Ellis, C.E. Loo, and D. Witchard, Effect of ore properties on sinter bed permeability and strength, Ironmaking Steelmaking, 34(2007), No. 2, p. 99.
M.I. Pownceby and J.M.F. Clout, Importance of fine ore chemical composition and high temperature phase relations: applications to iron ore sintering and pelletising, Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., 112(2003), No. 1, p. 44.
E. Kasai, S.L. Wu, and Y. Omori, Factors governing the strength of agglomerated granules after sintering, ISIJ Int., 31(1991), No. 1, p. 17.
J.M.F. Clout and J.R. Manuel, Fundamental investigations of difference in bonding mechanisms in iron ore sinter formed from magnetite concentrates and hematite ores, Powder Technol., 130(2003), No. 1–3, p. 393.
G.L. Zhang, S.L. Wu, B. Su, Z.G. Que, C.G. Hou, and Y. Jiang, Influencing factor of sinter body strength and its effects on iron ore sintering indexes, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 22(2015), No. 6, p. 553.
X.R. Tang, Theory and Technology of Iron Ore Sintering, Central South University Press, Changsha, 1992, p. 186.
Z.W. Ying, M.F. Jiang, and L.X. Xu, Effects of mineral composition and microstructure on crack resistance of sintered ore, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 13(2006), No. 4, p. 9.
Q. Wei, X.M. Mao, and H.B. Shen, Study on properties of sinter mineral phases, Baosteel Tech. Res., 12(2018), No. 3, p. 16.
I. Shigaki, M. Sawada, O. Tsuchiya, K. Yoshioka, and T. Takahashi, Study of primary melt formation and transition mechanism to final slag of sintered ore, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 70(1984), No. 16, p. 2208.
F. Matsuno, Changes of mineral phases during the sintering of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2 system, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 64(1978), No. 10, p. 1499.
F. Matsuno and T. Harada, Changes of mineral phases during the sintering of iron ore-lime stone systems, Trans. ISIJ, 21(1981), No. 5, p. 318.
Acknowledgements
Financial supports from the National Torch Program of China (No. 2011GH561685) and Hunan Provincial Co-innovation Center for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources are sincerely acknowledged. C. Yang is thankful to China Scholarship Council (CSC) for financially supporting his PhD study in CSIRO Mineral Resources, Kenmore in Australia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Cc., Zhu, Dq., Pan, J. et al. Some basic properties of granules from ore blends consisting of ultrafine magnetite and hematite ores. Int J Miner Metall Mater 26, 953–962 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1824-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1824-7