Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma aurosum on Cydia pomonella at constant temperatures

  • Published:
Phytoparasitica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The influence of constant temperatures on biological parameters of German strains of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was evaluated in the laboratory on eggs of Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Development time and longevity of all strains were decreased as temperature increased. Development time of the strains differed significantly only when exposed to 15°, 20°, and 25°C. Cumulative fertility and longevity differed significantly at 15° and 20°C. Realized fertility differed significantly at all constant temperatures. Emergence rates of all strains were less than 65% and were decreased even further as temperature increased. Female-biased sex ratio ranged from 65% to 100% at all constant temperatures. The low temperature threshold for T. aurosum was 10°C and the mean number of degree-days at 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°C was 175, 183, 173 and 185, respectively. The Bavarian strain tolerated high temperatures and had the highest parasitization capability, while the Hessian strain had the lowest parasitization at all temperatures. Fertility life table analysis revealed a major effect of temperature on the population growth parameters. Net reproductive rate was highest at intermediate constant temperatures in all strains, with the highest rate recorded for the Bavarian strains at all constant temperatures. Mean cohort generation time, and population doubling time decreased as temperature increased. The daily intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were positively correlated with temperature. The relevance of our results is discussed in the context of climatic adaptation, intraspecific variability and biological control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmad, F. R., & Abul-hab, J. K. (1977). Biological studies of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) in the Middle of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 12, 210–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ahmed, A. M., & Kheir, S. M. (2003). Life cycle and survival of Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 8, 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baitha, A., & Ram, A. (1998). Life table studies on Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. armigera Nagaraja an egg parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera. Indian Journal of Entomology, 60, 250–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, M. (1957). Deciduous fruit insects and their control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 50, 226–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bathon, H., Singh, P., & Clare, G. K. (1991). Rearing methods. In L. P. S. van der Geest (Ed.), Tortricid pests: Their biology, natural enemies and control (pp. 283–309). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloem, S., Bloem, K. A., Carpenter, J. E., & Calkins, C. O. (1999). Inherited sterility in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): effect of substerilizing doses of radiation on insect fecundity, fertility, and control. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 92, 222–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomefield, T. L., Pringle, K. L., & Sadie, A. (1997). Field observations on oviposition of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), in an unsprayed apple orchard in South Africa. African Entomology, 5, 319–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, W. R., & Stern, V. M. (1966). Effects of temperature on the production of males and sexual mosaics in a uniparental race of Trichogramma semifumatum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 73, 671–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabello, T., & Vargas, P. (1988). Resistance to high temperatures in the developmental stages of Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas and Cabello and T. pintoi Voegelé (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 15, 263–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti, F., Bigler, F., Eden, G., & Bosshart, S. (1992). Optimal larval density and quality control aspects in mass rearing of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera; Phycitidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 114, 353–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Consoli, F. L., & Parra, J. R. (1995). Effects of constant and alternating temperatures on Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera. Trichogrammatidae) biology. I. Development and thermal requirements. Journal of Applied Entomology, 119, 415–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, R. H. (1977). Evolutionary genetics of the Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 22, 263–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, P., & Tavares, J. (1994). Parasitic capacity, longevity and development of Trichogramma cordubensis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) at three temperature regimes. Les Colloques de l’INRA, 73, 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haile, A. T., Hassan, S. A., Sithanantham, S., Ogol, C. K., & Baumgärtner, J. (2002). Comparative life table analysis of Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau and Babault and Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai Schulten and Feijen (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) from Kenya. Journal of Applied Entomology, 12, 287–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, L. S. (2000). Development time and activity threshold of Trichogramma turkestanica [Trichogramma evanescens] on Ephestia kuehniella in relation to temperature. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 96, 185–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, S. A. (1993). The mass rearing and utilization of Trichogramma to control lepidopterous pests: achievements and outlook. Pesticide Science, 37, 387–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, B. A., & Smith, J. W. (1986). Rhaconotus roslinensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a candidate for biological control of stalkboring sugarcane pests (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): development, life tables and intraspecific competition. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 79, 905–911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, M. A., & Copland, M. J. W. (1996). In M. A. Jervis & N. A. Kidd (Eds.), Insect natural enemies: Practical approaches to their study and evaluation (pp. 63–161). London, UK: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann, U., & Mills, N. J. (1999). Comparative analysis of the reproductive attributes of three commercially produced Trichogramma species (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livshits, I. Z., & Mitrofanov, V. I. (1986). Hymenopterans—parasites of eggs of fruit pests. Zashchita Rasteniij, 9, 46–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopatina, V. V. (1983). Ecology of Trichogramma aurosum Sug. et Sor. in the Chita Region. Bjulleten’ Vsesojuznogo Nauchno Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Zashchity Rasteniij, 55, 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Q. G. (1992). Fertility and life table study on Trichogramma (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) sp. nr. mwanzai from Kenya. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 8, 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maceda, A., Hohmann, C. L., & dos Santos, H. R. (2003). Temperature effects on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 46, 27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, H. F., & Morgan, C. V. (1970). Pome fruit pests and their control. Annual Review of Entomology, 15, 295–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maia, A. H., Luiz, A. J., & Campanhola, C. (2000). Statistical inference on associated fertility life table parameters using Jackknife technique: computational aspects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 511–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, S. J., & Mills, J. (1997). The influence of hosts, temperature and food sources on the longevity of Trichogramma platneri. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83, 195–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, N. J., & Kuhlmann, U. (2000). The relationship between egg load and fecundity among Trichogramma parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 25, 315–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, N., Pickel, C., Mansfield, S., McDougall, S., Buchner, R., Caprile, J., et al. (2000). Mass releases of Trichogramma wasps can reduce damage from codling moth. California Agriculture, 54, 22–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S., & Nagaraja, H. L. (1978). Experimental comparison of laboratory reared vs. wild type Trichogramma confusum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). 1. Fertility, cumulative fertility and longevity. Entomophaga, 23, 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pak, G., & Oatman, E. R. (1982). Comparative life table behaviour and competition studies of Trichogramma brevicapillum and Trichogramma pretiosum. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 32, 68–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pak, G., & van Heiningen, T. (1985). Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.; Adaptability to field temperature conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 38, 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, J. D., Koopmanschap, A. B., Platner, G. R., & Stouthamer, R. (2002). The North American Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing certain Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) on apple and pear, with ITS2 DNA characterizations and description of a new species. Biological Control, 23, 134–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau, B., & Bolland, P. (2001). Response to selection for a high or a low sex ratio in Wolbachia-infected lines of Trichogramma cordubensis subjected to high temperature. Vestnik Zoologii, 35, 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratissoli, D., & Parra, J. R. (2000). Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of Tuta absoluta and Phthorimaea operculella (Lep., Gelechiidae) at different temperatures. Journal of Applied Entomology, 124, 339–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakr, H. E. (2003). Use of egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma to control the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); selection of effective parasitoid species. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Hohenheim. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Ulrich E. Grauer.

  • Samara, R. (2005). Biology, behaviour and genetic diversity of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Hohenheim. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Ulrich E. Grauer.

  • Samara, R., Monje, J. C., Reineke, A., & Zebitz, C. P. W. (2008). Genetic divergence of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) individuals based on ITS2 and AFLP analysis. Journal of Applied Entomology, 132, 230–238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samara, R. Y., Monje, J. C., & Zebitz, C. P. W. (2008). Comparison of different European strains of Trichogramma aurosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) using fertility life tables. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18, 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute (1996). SAS users guide: Statistics. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute.

  • Schöller, M., & Hassan, S. A. (2001). Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma evanescens and T. cacoeciae with Ephestia elutella as host at four constant temperatures. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 98, 35–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M. (1996). Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 375–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M., & Hubbes, M. (1986). Isoenzyme patterns and biology of Trichogramma minutum as influenced by rearing temperature and host. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42, 249–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Southwood, T. R. (1978). Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect population (2nd ed., pp. 1–6; 356–387). London, UK: Chapman and Hall.

  • Stinner, R. E., Ridgway, R. L., & Morrison, R. K. (1974). Longevity, fecundity, and searching ability of Trichogramma pretiosum reared by three methods. Environmental Entomology, 3, 558–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suverkropp, B. P., Bigler, F., & van Lenteren, J. C. (2001). Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 125, 303–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unruh, T. R., & Lacey, L. A. (2001). Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with Steinernema carpocapsae: effects of supplemental wetting and pupation site on infection rate. Biological Control, 20, 48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzun, S., & Akten, T. (1992). The effect of different temperatures on biology of Trichogramma cacoeciae March. Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Entomology (Adana, Turkey, pp. 403–410).

  • Wang, S., Ikedialaa, J. N., Tang, J., Hansen, J. D., Mitcham, E., Mao, R., et al. (2001). Radio frequency treatments to control codling moth in in-shell walnuts. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 22, 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, D. S., Hagley, E. A., & Laing, J. E. (1984). Biology of Trichogramma minutum Riley collected from apples in southern Ontario. Environmental Entomology, 13, 1324–1329.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The present research was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, A/00/19004). Our thanks are extended to all who helped in the field collection and to R. Siegel for maintaining the lab culture of E. kuehniella.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Science, Palestinian Technical University, Tulkarem, Palestinian Authority

    R. Samara

  2. State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany

    J. C. Monje

  3. Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany

    C. P. W. Zebitz

  4. Palestinian National Agricultural Research Center NARC, Jenin, Palestinian Authority

    T. Qubbaj

Authors
  1. R. Samara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. C. Monje
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. P. W. Zebitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Qubbaj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Samara.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Samara, R., Monje, J.C., Zebitz, C.P.W. et al. Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma aurosum on Cydia pomonella at constant temperatures. Phytoparasitica 39, 109–119 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-010-0142-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-010-0142-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation