Abstract
The tannery effluents discharged by the existing units on either side of the Palar river at Ambur town (known for tannery industry), has resulted in vertical and lateral spread of pollution. The study area of 55.3 km2 is situated on a granitic terrain of Archaean age with undulating topography and hillocks. The shallow aquifers, in flood plain and valley fills of the river are highly polluted (with EC: 15340 μS/cm) by tannery effluents making groundwater unfit for any use, hence the local population (20000) face health hazards and shortage of potable water. Hydrogeological, geophysical and in-situ groundwater quality measurement were carried out to demarcate fresh groundwater zones and to delineate lateral and vertical extent of pollution. The results show, brackish aquifer was characterized by low order of resistivity (<20 Ω-m) with a thickness of 8.5 to 28 m located in the flood plains, valley fills, and partially in hard rock formations, whereas the fresh water aquifer resistivity varying from 23 to 216 Ω-m in hard rock. Further, these results were correlated with the water quality data and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) signals. The integrated studies revealed that pollution due to tannery effluents has spread over an area of 33.4 km2 (60.4 %) on either side of the river and only a small area of 21.9 km2 (39.6 %) was identified as fresh groundwater zone, which has to be conserved and exploited in sustainable manner for future generations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhaskaran, T.R. (1977) Treatment and disposal of tannery effluents. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Madras.
Bhattacharya, P.K. and Patra, H.P. (1968) Direct current geoelectrical sounding, principles and interpretation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 135p.
Cassidy, N.J. (2007) Evaluating LNAPL contamination using GPR signal attenuation analysis and dielectric property measurements: Practical implications for hydrological studies. Jour. Contaminant Hydrol., v.94(1–2), pp.49–75.
Choudhury, K. and Saha, D.K. (2004) Integrated geophysical and chemical study of saline water intrusion. Ground Water, v.42, pp.671–677.
Dey, A. and Morrison, H.F. (1979) Resistivity modelling for arbitrary shaped two-dimensional structures. Geophysical Prospecting, v.27, pp.106–136.
Fisher, H. and Pearce, D. (2009) Salinity reduction in tannery effluents in India and Australia. ACIAR Impact assessment series Report No. 61, pp. 1–56.
Gonzalez-macias, C., Schifter, I., Luich-cota, D.B., Mendezrodriguez, L. and Hernandez-vazquez, S. (2006) Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediment of salina Cruz bay, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v.118, pp.211–230. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-1492-8.
Griffiths, D.H. and Barker, R.D. (1993) Two dimensional imaging modelling in areas of complex geology. Jour. Appld. Geophys., v.20, pp.211–226.
Griffiths, D.H., Turnbull, J. and Olayinka, A.I. (1990) Two dimensional resistivity mapping with a computer controlled array. First Break, v.8, pp.121–129.
Gupta, C.P., Thangarajan, M., Rao, V.V.S.G., Ramachandra, Y.M. and Sarma, M.R.K. (1994) Preliminary study of groundwater pollution in the Upper Palar basin and feasibility of mass transport modeling to predict pollutant migration. NGRI Tech Rep. No. 94-GW-168.
Jaw, S.W. and Hashim, M. (2010) An accuracy of subsurface utility mapping by Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging. In: Proceedings of Maps Asia 2010 & ISG 2010 in Connecting Government and Citizen through Ubiquitous GIS, Technical Session: Surveying & Mapping (Paper Number: 261), pp.1–8.
Kalisperi, D., Soupios, P., Kouli, M., Barsukov, P., Kershaw, S., Collins, P. and Vallianatos, F. (2009) Coastal aquifer assessment using geophysical methods (TEM, VES), case study: Northern Crete, Greece. In: 3rd IASME/WSEAS international conference on geology and seismology (GES’ 09) Cambridge, UK, 24–26 February 2009.
Koefoed, O. (1979) Resistivity sounding measurements. In: Geosounding Principles, vol 1. Elsevier, New York.
Lashkaripour, G.R. (2003) An investigation of groundwater condition by geoelectrical resistivity method: a case study in Korin aquifer, southeast Iran. Jour. Spatial Hydrology, v.3, pp.1–5.
Loke, M.H. and Barker, R.D. (1996) Rapid least squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method. Geophysical Prospecting, v.44, pp.131–152.
Orellana, E. and Mooney, H.M. (1966) Master tables and curves for vertical electrical sounding over layered structures. Interciencia, Costanilla de los Angles, 15, Madrid.
Oseji, J.O., Asokhia, M.B. and Okolie, E.C. (2006) Determination of groundwater potential in Obiaruku and environs using surface geoelectric sounding. Environmentalist, v.26, pp.301–308.
Owen, R.J., Gwavava, O. and Gwaze, P. (2005) Multi-electrode resistivity survey for groundwater exploration in the Harare greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Hydrogeological Jour., v.14, pp.244–252.
Palacky, G.J. (1987) Clay mapping using electromagnetic methods. First Break, v.5, pp.295–306.
PWD (Public Works Department). (2000) Groundwater perspectives.A profile of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Public Works Department Report Tamil Nadu, 220p.
Richard, J.Y. (2007) Application of Ground Penetrating Radar to civil and geotechnical engineering. Electromagnetic Phenomenon, v.7, no.1 (18), pp.102–147.
Sahu, P.C. and Sahoo, H. (2006) Targeting groundwater in tribal dominated Bonai area of drought-prone Sundargarh District, Orissa, India. A combined geophysical and remote sensing approach. Jour. Hum. Ecol., v.20, pp.109–115.
Sankaran, S., Rangarajan, R., Krishna Kumar, K., Saheb Rao, S. and Smitha, H. (2010a) Geophysical and tracer studies to detect subsurface chromium contamination and suitable site for waste disposal in Ranipet, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Earth Sci., v.60(4), pp.757–764.
Sankaran, S., Rangarajan, R., Yadaiah, P., Divakar Reddy, P. and Ramesh, R. (2005) Geoenvironmental studies in and aroundTamil Nadu Chromate and Chemicals Limited, Ranipet, Tamil Nadu. Tech. Report NGRI, 2005-GW-485, pp.71.
Sankaran, S., Saheb Rao, S., Purushottam, D. and Krishnakumar, K. (2010b) Environmental impact assessment in and around tannery belt of Ambur and it’s downstream up to Palar river. Tech.Report. No: NGRI-2010-GW-725, pp. 55.
Schlumberger, C. (1920) Etude sur la Prospection Electrique du Sous-sol, Gaultier-Villars et Cie. Paris, p. 94.
Sensors and Software Inc. (1999) Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Design. Page 7–13 (www.sensoft.on.ca)
Shankar, K.R. (1994) Affordable water supply and sanitation. In: Groundwater exploration 20th WEDC Conference Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp.225–228.
Shukla, S.B., Patidar, A.K. and Bhatt, N. (2008) Application of GPR in the study of shallow subsurface sedimentary architecture of Modwa spit, Gulf of Kachchh. Jour. Earth System Sci., v.117(1), pp.33–40.
Singh, K.P. (2005) Nonlinear estimation of aquifer parameters from surficial resistivity measurements. Hydrol Earth Sys Sci Discussion, v.2, pp.917–938.
Soupios, P., Kouli, M., Vallianatos, F., Vafidis, A. and Stavroulakis, G. (2007) Estimation of aquifer parameters from surficial geophysical methods. A case study of Keritis Basin in Crete. Jour. Hydrol., v.338, pp.122–131.
Stampolidis, A., Tsourlos, P., Soupios, P., Mimides, T.H., Tsokas, G., Vargemezis, G. and Vafidis, A. (2005) Integrated geophysical investigation around the brackish spring of Rina, Kalimnos Isl., SW Greece. Jour. Balk Geophys. Soc., v.8(3), pp.63–73.
Thangarajan, M. (1999) Modeling pollutant migration in the Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol., v.38(3), pp.209–222.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (1971) Groundwater investigations in Tamil Nadu. Technical Report prepared for Government of India by the United Nations, New York, pp.1–87.
Van Der Velpen, B.P.A. (1988) A computer processing package for D.C. resistivity interpretation for an IBM compatibles. ITC Jour., v.4, The Netherlands.
Vouillamoz, J.M., Baltassat, J.M., Girard, J.F., Plata, J. and Legchenko, A. (2007) Hydrogeological experience in the use of MRS. Bol. Geol. Min., v.118(3), pp.531–550.
WHO (World Health Organization). (1984) Guideline of drinking quality (pp. 335). Washington: World Health Organization.
Zohdy, A., Eaton, G.P. and Mabey, D.R. (1974) Application of surface geophysics to ground-water investigations: techniques of water resources investigations of the United States Geological Survey, chap D1, book 2, 116 p.
Zohdy, A.A.R. and Martin, R.J. (1993) A study of seawater intrusion using direct-current soundings in the southern part of the Oxward Plain, California. Open-File Report, USGS, no.139, pp.93–524.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sonkamble, S., Satish Kumar, V., Amarender, B. et al. Delineation of fresh aquifers in tannery belt for sustainable development — A case study from southern India. J Geol Soc India 83, 279–289 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0040-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0040-3