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Decentralization and recentralization of Korean curriculum documents 2012–2017: a novel approach to text mining in curriculum studies

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Abstract

This study adopted a novel text mining (TM) technique in curriculum studies to analyze the multi-layered South Korean curriculum document (CD) system from 2012 to 2017. A total of 716 CDs from the national, regional, and school levels corresponding to 23.4 million Korean characters were examined through keyword frequency analysis, topic modeling with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), construction of text network with clusters, and document vectorization. The results reveal the decentralized nature of each CD layer; i.e., the regional CD (RCD) mediates the national CD (NCD) to the school CD (SCD), and the SCD plays a key role in the implementation of diverse student-centered learning experiences. However, when the similarity (reversely distance) between the average CD vectors of each layer was examined, the SCD showed a constant trend of recentralization toward NCD. This study suggests that the adoption of TM techniques in curriculum studies would enhance the methodological progress of this field in accordance with conventional CD understanding, revealing novel aspects with reproducible and consistent results from a much larger dataset.

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Notes

  1. Although the 2015 RNC is the latest, we chose the 2009 RNC for reasons explained in Chapter III.

  2. https://github.com/open-korean-text/open-korean-text (Retrieved Sep 24th, 2020)

  3. There are 2 Korean terms, which can be translated as “subject” – “과목” (gwamok) and “교과” (gyoggwa). As the meanings of those two terms do not differ significantly, we presented “과목” as “subject (1)” and “교과” as “subject (2).” If we do not operationally separate these two terms, the shapes of the text networks would be different from those of the originals based on Korean tokens. Note that subject (1) and subject (2) appeared in the same cluster 4 of the RCD (Table 8). This demonstrates the validity of the network analysis, as semantically equivalent tokens were included in the same cluster.

  4. In literal meaning, “하다”(hada) in Korean corresponds to “do” in English. However, there is ongoing academic debate regarding its usage and grammatical functions, as it has 11 different roles, including use as verbs, suffixes, and auxiliary verbs (Yu 2015). “하다” is regularly attached to most nouns to yield general forms in the Korean language, where 65% of the headwords of the Standard Korean Dictionary are in the form of noun + “하다.” Thus, treating “하다” like other verbs would not be appropriate in Korean text mining. Meanwhile, as “하다” is a very frequent term in Korean language, if it is excluded from semantic document analysis that considers sequences of terms, serious problems result because of information loss. Thus, we included “하다” in our analysis but do not discuss its function in the body of the article.

  5. More focus was put on 2013–2017 in the following descriptions because the SCD data from 2012 are not well preserved in institutional repositories.

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Funding

This research is supported by The Center for Educational Research funded by the Seoul National University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Gyeong-Geon Lee, Wonhyeong Jang & Hun-Gi Hong

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Appendices

Appendix A: Stopwords list

figure a

Appendix B: Korean–English dictionary

Korean

English

Korean

English

Korean

English

Korean

English

가다

Go, proceed, attend

도덕

Ethics, morals

운영

Management, operation

토론

Discussion, debate

개발

Development

독서

Reading

이수

Complete; to finish doing something

편성

Organization, formation

고등학교

High school

동아리

School club

이해

Understanding

평가

Evaluation, assessment

과목

Subject (1); an area of knowledge that is studied in school

따르다

Follow, go after

인성

Personality

표현

expression

과정

Course; a set of classes or a Plan of study on a particular subject

문제

Question, problem

일반

General; involving or relating to most or all people, things or places

프로그램

Program

교과

Subject (2)t; an area of knowledge that is studied in school

미술

Art, fine art

전문

(one’s) speciality

하다

DO

교육

Education

방법

Method

중심

CORE, center

학교

School

교육과정

Curriculum

사회

Society

지도

Guidance

학기

Semester

국가

Nation

산업

Industry

지식

Knowledge

학년

Grade; a school class in which all the children are of a similar age

기르다

Bring up, grow, train

생활

Life, livelihood

직무

Duty

학부모

Parents, school parents

기본

Basics

수업

Class; a period of time in which students are taught something

직업

Job

학생

Student

기술

Skill, technology

수준

Level

진로

Career

학습

Study, learning

기업

Business, company, corporation

수학

Mathematics

참여

Participate

해결

Settle, solve

기초

Fundamental, foundation

실무

Practical affairs, service, administrative work

창의

Creativity

현장

Field

꿈

Dream

실습

Practice; the act of doing something regularly to improve skill at doing it

체험

Experience

활동

Activity

내용

Content, substance

업체

Business, enterprise

취업

Get a job, find employment

활용

Application, practical use, utilization

능력

Ability, capacity

역량

Competency

탐구

Research, inquiry

  

단위

Unit; a single thing or a separate part of something

영어

English (language)

태도

Attitude, manner

  

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Lee, GG., Jang, W. & Hong, HG. Decentralization and recentralization of Korean curriculum documents 2012–2017: a novel approach to text mining in curriculum studies. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 22, 349–369 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09677-x

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