Skip to main content
Log in

Forwarding-based trajectory tracking control for nonlinear systems with bounded unknown disturbances

  • Regular Papers
  • Control Theory and Applications
  • Published:
International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There are only a few methods for controlling high-order nonlinear systems, except for standard backstepping technique. Due to the fact that I&I theory proposed by Astolfi and Ortega is able to accomplish the system immersion by selecting a lower-order target system and a vital mapping, a bottom-up recursive procedure for designing tracking control laws for a class of n-dimensional strict-feedback nonlinear systems is focused in our work. The required mappings are transformed into virtual control inputs, and system order reduction is realized as design step is implemented repetitively. A first-order filter is employed at each step to compute analytic derivatives of mappings. The benefit of our proposed algorithm can not only improve the computation efficiency to simplify all controls’ forms, but also suppress the high-frequency noise. While the off-the-manifold coordinate is rendered insensitive to the time-varying and bounded but unknown disturbance, the robust stability can be ultimately guaranteed. A quadrotor helicopter is used to show designing procedures and controller performance via various simulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Astolfi and R. Ortega, “Immersion and invariance: A new tool for stabilization and adaptive control of nonlinear systems,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 590–606, 2003. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. X. B. Liu, R. Ortega, H. Y. Su, and J. Chu, “Immersion and invariance adaptive control of nonlinear parameterized nonlinear systems,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2209–2214, 2010.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Astolfi, D. Karagiannis, and R. Ortega, Nonlinear and Adaptive Control with Applications, Springer Verlag, London, 2008.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Isidori, Nonlinear Control Systems, Springer Verlag, 3rd edition, Berlin and Heidelberg, 1995.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. I. Sarras, J. Á. Acosta, and R. Ortega, “Constructive immersion and invariance stabilization for a class of underactuated mechanical systems,” Automatica, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1442–1448, 2013. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. W. Kemmetmüller and A. Kugi, “Immersion and invariance-based impedance control for electrohydraulic systems,” International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 725–744, 2010. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Á. Acosta, R. Ortega, and A. Astolfi, “A constructive solution for stabilization via immersion and invariance: The cart and pendulum system,” Automatica, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 2352–2357, 2008. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. I. Sarras, H. B. Siguerdidjane, and R. Ortega, “Stabilization of the experimental cart-pendulum system with proven domain of attraction,” European Journal of Control, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 329–340, 2010. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. P. Rapp, M. Klünder, O. Sawodny, and C. Tarín, “Nonlinear adaptive and tracking control of a pneumatic actuator via immersion and invariance,” Proc. 51st IEEE Conf. Decision and Control, pp. 4145–4151, 2012. [click]

    Google Scholar 

  10. N. S. Manjarekar, R. N. Banavar, and R. Ortega, “Stabilization of a synchronous generator with a controllable series capacitor via immersion and invariance,” International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 858–874, 2012. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. W. Thomas, O. Christian, and H. Gerd, “Immersion and invariance control for an antagonistic joint with nonlinear mechanical stiffness,” Proc. 49th IEEE Conf. Decision and Control, pp. 1128–1135, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Z. P. Jiang and H. Nijmeijer, “Tracking control of mobile robots: A case study in backstepping,” Automatica, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1393–1399, 1997.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Das, F. Lewis, and K. Subbarao, “Backstepping approach for controlling a quadrotor using Lagrange form dynamics,” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, vol. 56, no. 1-2, pp. 127–151, 2009. [click]

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. R. Sepulchre, M. Jankovic, and P. V. Kokotovic, “Integrator forwarding: A new recursive nonlinear robust design,” Automatica, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 979–984, 1997.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. X. Zhang, X. L. Huang, H. Q. Lu, and H. Y. Zhang, “Forwarding-based immersion and invariance control for n-dimensional strict-feedback nonlinear systems,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 483–496, 2015. [click]

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. X. Zhang, X. L. Huang, and H. Q. Lu, “Mapping filtered forwarding-based trajectory tracking control,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 352, no. 1, pp. 5735–5757, 2015.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. J. A. Farrell, M. Polycarpou, M. Sharma, and W. Dong, “Command filtered backstepping,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1391–1395, 2009. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. W. Dong, J. A. Farrell, M. Polycarpou, V. Djapic, and M. Sharma, “Command filtered adaptive backstepping,” IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 566–580, 2012. [click]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Z. Zuo, “Trajectory tracking control design with commandfiltered compensation for a quadrotor,” IET Control Theory and Applications, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 2343–2355, 2010. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Hu and H. Zhang, “Immersion and invariance based command-filtered adaptive backstepping control of VTOL vehicles,” Automatica, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 2160–2167, 2013. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. D. Swaroop, J. K. Hedrick, P. P. Yip, and J. C. Gerdes, “Dynamic surface control for a class of nonlinear systems,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1893–1899, 2000.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. J. Ma, Z. Zheng, and P. Li, “Adaptive dynamic surface control of a class of nonlinear systems with unknown direction control gains and input saturation,” IEEE Trans. on Cybernetics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 728–741, 2015. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. W. H. Chen, “Disturbance observer based control for nonlinear system,” IEEE/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 706–710, 2004. [click]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Yang, W. H. Chen, and S. Li, “Nonlinear disturbance observer-based robust control for systems with mismatched disturbances/uncertainties,” IET Control Theory and Applications, vol. 5, no. 18, pp. 2053–2062, 2011. [click]

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. Q. L. Hu, M. I. Friswell, D. J. Wagg, and S. Neild, “Adaptive backstepping fault-tolerant control for flexible spacecraft with bounded unknown disturbances,” Proc. 48th IEEE Conf. Decision and Control, pp. 788–793, 2009. [click]

    Google Scholar 

  26. H. R. Koofigar, “Adaptive tracking with external force disturbance rejection for uncertain robotic systems,” International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 169–176, 2014. [click]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Astolfi, D. Karagiannis, and R. Ortega, “Towards applied nonlinear adaptive control,” Annual Reviews in Control, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 136–148, 2008. [click]

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Li, S. Qiang, X. Zhuang, and O. Kaynak, “Robust and adaptive backstepping control for nonlinear systems using RBF neural networks,” IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 693–701, 2004. [click]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. E. Altug, J. P. Ostrowski, and R. Mahony, “Control of a quadrotor helicopter using visual feedback,” Proc. 19th IEEE Conf. Robotics and Automation, pp. 72–77, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  30. E. Altuǧ, J. P. Ostrowski, and C. J. Taylor, “Control of a quadrotor helicopter using dual camera visual feedback,” The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 329–341, 2005. [click]

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xianlin Huang.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Do Wan Kim under the direction of Editor Ju Hyun Park. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51275107, No. 61304006 and No. 61273095, by the Innovative Team Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61021002.

Xu Zhang received his M.S. from Harbin Institute of Technology, China, in 2010. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at the Center for Control Theory and Guidance Technology in Harbin Institute of Technology. His current research interests include control of underactuated mechanical systems, robust and adaptive control, differential geometry and immersion and invariance control.

Xianlin Huang received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harbin Institute of Technology, China, in 1985 and 1991, respectively. He is now a professor in the Department of Control Science and Control Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. His research interests include robust and adaptive control, complex system control, navigation and control techniques in aerospace engineering.

Hongqian Lu received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harbin Institute of Technology, China, in 2000 and 2006, respectively. Now he is an associate professor in the Department of Control Science and Control Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. His research interests include nonlinear control and applications, intelligent navigation and control techniques.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, X., Huang, X. & Lu, H. Forwarding-based trajectory tracking control for nonlinear systems with bounded unknown disturbances. Int. J. Control Autom. Syst. 14, 1231–1243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-015-0083-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-015-0083-2

Keywords

Navigation