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Optimal charging strategy for a residential PEV battery considering bidirectional trade and frequency regulation

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  • Control Theory and Applications
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Abstract

A practical charging strategy for an individual plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is proposed. A cost function is constructed to reflect bidirectional electricity trade arising from surplus photovoltaic generation under the reward system called feed-in tariffs and time-of-use electricity pricing. It is then extended to include the revenue for providing vehicle-to-grid frequency regulation. In order to take advantages of high performance existing solvers, several mathematical techniques are applied to transform the discrete non-linear cost function to a differentiable continuous function. In the latter part of the paper, simulations are performed to verify and show the performance of the developed model. A quantitatively developed battery wear model is also applied during the simulations to calculate the effective operational cost, and to compare the costs for different control strategies. From the result of case study, the economic feasibility of the frequency regulation under the given circumstance is addressed as well.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

    Sekyung Han

  2. Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), Tokyo, Japan

    Hirohisa Aki

  3. Department of Creative IT Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea

    Soohee Han

  4. Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea

    Bokyu Kwon

  5. Department of Electrical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea

    Jong-Bae Park

Authors
  1. Sekyung Han
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  2. Hirohisa Aki
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  3. Soohee Han
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  4. Bokyu Kwon
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  5. Jong-Bae Park
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hirohisa Aki.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Ho Jae Lee under the direction of Editor Fuchun Sun. This work was conducted under the framework of Research and Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research(KIER) (B3-2452-02), Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the MSIP(the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (2014R1A1A1004508), and ICT Consilience Creative Program through the IITP(Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion) funded by the MSIP(IITP-2015-R0346-15-1007).

Sekyung Han is currently a professor of smart energy network laboratory (http://powerlab.knu.ac.kr), Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), South Korea. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Hanyang University and Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 2002 and 2007, respectively, and the Ph.D dgree in information science from the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 2012. He is known for his preliminary research results on the vehicle-to-grid area and published a top-cited paper as well in this area. He has plenty of industry experience and specialized in both of power system and information science. Currently, his main research interest includes design and control of distributed energy resources in smart grid, operation algorithm design of energy management systems for building, campus, and microgrid.

Hirohisa Aki received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, in 1994 and 1996, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan, in 2002. He worked as a plant engineer in electrical and instrumental design at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. from 1996 to 2001. He has been a Research Scientist with the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Tsukuba, Japan, since 2002. He was a guest researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA in 2008. He also served for renewable energy technology development policy as a Deputy Director at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japanese Government in 2009. His research interests include urban energy systems, energy management systems and integration of distributed energy resources.

Soohee Han received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Korea in 1998. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in School of electrical engineering and computer science from SNU in 2000 and 2003, respectively. From 2003 to 2007, he was a researcher at the Engineering Research Center for Advanced Control and Instrumentation of SNU. In 2008, he was a senior researcher at the robot S/W research center. From 2009 to 2014, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. Since 2014, he has been with the Department of Creative IT Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea. He is currently an Associated Editor of International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, and Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology. In 2012, he was a Guest Editor of Mathematical Problems in Engineering for optimal control problems in engineering. He served as the financial chair of IFAC and ICCAS for 2008 and 2012, respectively. His main research interests are in the areas of computer aided control system designs, distributed control systems, time delay systems, and stochastic signal processing.

Bo-Kyu Kwon is received his B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Inha University, Korea in 2002. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in School of electrical engineering and computer science from Seoul National University(SNU) in 2005 and 2008, respectively. For 2002–2003, he was a researcher at the Engineering Research Center for Advanced Control and Instrumentation of SNU. Also, he was with Samsung Heavy Industries as a Senior Research Engineer from 2008 to 2010. He is currently a professor of Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Kangwon National University, Korea. His main research interests are in the areas of estimation and control theory, CACSD(Computer Aided Control System Design) Tool, remote control system, robotics and robot control algorithms.

Jong-Bae Park received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Seoul National University of Electrical Engineering Department, Korea in 1987, 1989, and 1998, respectively. For 1989–1998, he was with Korea Electric Power Corporation as a researcher for power system planning, economic studies, and substation operation. For 1998–2001 he was an Assistant Professor at Anyang University and he was a guest researcher at EPRI, USA during 2006–2008. He was a visiting scholar to Center for Energy, Economic & Environmental Policy of Rutgers during 2014–2015 where he is now a collaborator. From 2001, he has been with Electrical Engineering Department at Konkuk University in Korea where he is now a Professor. His major research topics include power system operation, planning, economics and markets, and intelligence computation.

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Han, S., Aki, H., Han, S. et al. Optimal charging strategy for a residential PEV battery considering bidirectional trade and frequency regulation. Int. J. Control Autom. Syst. 14, 587–597 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-014-0303-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-014-0303-1

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