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The Paradoxides puzzle resolved: the appearance of the oldest paradoxidines and its bearing on the Cambrian Series 3 lower boundary

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Abstract

The Moroccan Atlas ranges provide sections that help reconstruct the earliest evolution of Paradoxides s.l. A fine-scale analysis of the basal part of the Jbel Wawrmast Formation in the eastern Anti-Atlas and comparisons with other sections in southern Morocco not only shows the abrupt appearance of Acadoparadoxides in nearly monofacial successions, but also illustrates a rapid diversification of the genus. This remarkable evolution of the clade includes material that can be assigned provisionally to the frequently described species Acadoparadoxides mureroensis (Sdzuy, 1958), to A. nobilis (Geyer, 1998) and also to the new species A. pampalius, A. levisettii and A. ovatopyge, of which A. pampalius can be shown to be the oldest described species of Paradoxides s.l. presently known. A fine-scale biostratigraphic and depositional development analysis permits a precise evaluation of suggested correlations within West Gondwana and into other Cambrian continents, and shows that attempts at precise correlations based on Acadoparadoxides species, and particularly A. mureroensis as a key taxon for global correlation, suffer from deficiencies that become obvious. In addition, the often subtle differences between species of the A. mureroensis clade illustrate that a confident identification of these species is only possible for well-preserved and largely undistorted specimens. Thus, many reports of A. mureroensis may be based, in part, on unfavourably preserved specimens of other species. The concept of a fairly variable species and even the idea of a dimorphism seem to have led to problematic identifications. In this context, material from the Taurus Mountains, southern Turkey, identified as A. mureroensis is identified herein as Acadoparadoxides deani n. sp. Paradoxides s.l. species appear to have been quite provincial in their palaeogeographic distribution, and an analysis of early appearing species shows that A. harlani (Green, 1834) was restricted to the Avalonia palaeocontinent, is incorrectly reported from West Gondwana and cannot be used as a basis for lower Series 3 correlation or chronostratigraphy. Finally, the so-called Valdemiedes Event described from the Iberian Chains in Spain obviously is a regional feature based on the abrupt appearance of an early, but not the earliest, Series 3 trilobite assemblage above a barren interval. This “event” appears to be a local stratigraphic artefact and does not reflect regional West Gondwanan or global geological history.

Kurzfassung

Die marokkanischen Atlas-Gebirge beinhalten Profile, welche die früheste Entwicklung der Sammelgattung Paradoxides illustrieren. Eine feinstratigraphische Analyse des basalen Abschnitts der Jbel-Wawrmast-Formation im östlichen Anti-Atlas und Vergleiche mit anderen Profilen im südlichen Marokko zeigen nicht nur das plötzliche Auftreten von Acadoparadoxides in nahezu monofaciellen Abfolgen, sondern auch eine rasche Diversifikation der Gattung. Diese bemerkenswerte Evolution wird auch durch Material belegt, das mit gewissen Einschränkungen zur häufig beschriebenen Art Acadoparadoxides mureroensis (Sdzuy, 1958) zu zählen ist, außerdem A. nobilis (Geyer, 1998), und die neuen Arten A. pampalius, A. levisettii und A. ovatopyge. Acadoparadoxides pampalius ist die älteste bisher beschriebene Art von Paradoxides s.l. Die hochauflösenden biostratigraphischen und ablagerungsgeschichtlichen Daten erlauben eine deutliche Präzisierung der bisher vorgeschlagenen Korrelationen innerhalb von West-Gondwana und zu anderen kambrischen Kontinenten. Dabei werden Defizite in der Genauigkeit derjenigen globalen Korrelationen deutlich, die sich bisher auf Acadoparadoxides und besonders A. mureroensis als Schlüsseltaxon stützten. Außerdem zeigen die oft geringfügigen morphologischen Unterschiede zwischen den Arten der mureroensis-Gruppe, dass eine sichere Identifikation solcher Arten nur bei gut erhaltenen und mehr oder weniger undeformierten Stücken möglich ist, so dass einzelne Nachweise von A. mureroensis unzulänglich erhaltene Stücke von anderen Arten darstellen können. Das Konzept einer sehr variable Art und darüberhinaus die Idee eines Dimorphismus können zu ungerechtfertigten Identifikationen von A. mureroensis geführt haben. In diesem Zusammenhang wird Material aus dem Taurus-Gebirge der südlichen Türkei, das als A. mureroensis bestimmt wurde, hier als Acadoparadoxides deani n. sp. abgetrennt. Das aus den Iberischen Ketten von Spanien beschriebene, so genannte Valdemiedes Event ist offenkundig eine regionale Erscheinung ohne Signifikanz und Bedeutung für kontinentale oder sogar subglobale Maßstäbe.

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Acknowledgments

The material for this study was partly collected in the course of a research grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to G.G., and the preparation of the manuscript was made possible by research grant GE 549/21-1 to G.G. We are indebted to W. Heldmaier for his careful analysis of the Tarhoucht section. R. Levi-Setti (Chicago, IL, USA) and P. Bommel (Le Jaladis, France) kindly provided specimens from their collections for this study. A. Żylińska (Warsaw) and E. Landing, (Albany, NY, USA) provided extremely helpful reviews of the manuscript, which are gratefully acknowledged. T.V. also thanks citizens from the villages of Tarhoucht and Tarhia for their active help during his field work.

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  1. Institut für Geographie und Geologie, Lehrstuhl für Geodynamik und Geomaterialforschung, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Gerd Geyer

  2. Department of Earth Sciences (Palaeobiology), Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Gerd Geyer

  3. 12 Persley Park Caravan Park, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9NS, UK

    Tony Vincent

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Geyer, G., Vincent, T. The Paradoxides puzzle resolved: the appearance of the oldest paradoxidines and its bearing on the Cambrian Series 3 lower boundary. Paläontol Z 89, 335–398 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-014-0225-5

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