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Postcranial morphology and growth of the pachypleurosaur Anarosaurus heterodontus (Sauropterygia) from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk, The Netherlands

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Abstract

Sauropterygia from the Muschelkalk are only found in lag deposits known as bone beds, and most of the material consists of isolated bones. Alpha taxonomy of Sauropterygia from the Germanic Basin which include Pachypleurosauria is thus based mainly on skull morphology of a few specimens. Articulated or associated postcranial material of pachypleurosaurs, associated with diagnostic skull material, is very rare in the Germanic Basin and currently occurs in larger numbers only in the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk (Gelderland Province, The Netherlands), which continuously produces new material. For the first time, the morphology of several partially articulated skeletons of the pachypleurosaur Anarosaurus heterodontus is described and compared. Some of those specimens have skull material attached; others were identified as pachypleurosaurs on the basis of their long bone histology. The current study revealed that postcranial bones of A. heterodontus feature a diverse morphology reflecting differences during ontogeny. Thus, A. heterodontus specimens could be assigned to size classes (I–III). However, on the basis of morphology, histology, and maximal known size of isolated skulls and humeri, none of these specimens represent fully grown individuals. Growth mark counts of midshaft-femur samples, morphologically assigned to size class III, document that this size class was reached within the first year of life. Size class III continued into the second year of life, and then afterwards skeletal maturity was reached. Thus, a juvenile A. heterodontus grew very fast, which is also indicated by its bone tissue type, composed of a high number of radial vascular canals and a fast-deposited bone matrix. The assignment of isolated bones from Lower to Middle Muschelkalk localities to A. heterodontus is now possible with an extensive amended diagnosis of this taxon. This largely contributes to the understanding of taxonomical diversity and distribution. Morphological comparison of the postcranial skeleton of A. heterodontus with that of the two other valid pachypleurosaurs from the Germanic Basin, Anarosaurus pumilio and Dactylosaurus, supports their close phylogenetic relationship. Furthermore, the skeleton of A. heterodontus has no morphological or histological aquatic adaptation such as pachyostosis or pachyosteosclerosis and thus represents the least degree of aquatic adaptation within Pachypleurosauria.

Kurzfassung

Sauropterygia aus dem Muschelkalk kennt man nur aus sogenannten Kondensationshorizonten, auch bone beds genannt. Die Funde bestehen überwiegend aus isolierten Knochen. Alpha Taxonomie der Sauropterygia aus dem Germanischen Becken, zu denen auch die Pachypleurosauria gehören, basiert daher ausschließlich auf der Schädelmorphologie der Holotypen. Artikulierte Knochen des Postcraniums, assoziiert mit diagnostischem Schädelmaterial, sind extrem selten innerhalb der Fundstellen des Germanischen Beckens. Zurzeit liefert nur die Fundstelle Winterswijk (Gelderland Provinz, Die Niederlande) aus dem Unteren Muschelkalk solche Funde in größerer Zahl. Erstmals wird hier die Morphologie des postcranialen Skelettes von Anarosaurus heterodontus anhand mehrerer Exemplare beschrieben und verglichen. Die taxonomische Zuordnung der Stücke erfolgte aufgrund artikulierten Schädelmaterials oder auf Basis der Ergebnisse der knochenhistologischen Untersuchung. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, daß es im Skelett von A. heterodontus morphologische Unterschiede gibt, die ihren Ursprung in unterschiedlichen ontogenetischen Stadien haben. Die verschiedenen Skelettreste von A. heterodontus konnten so unterschiedlichen Größenklassen zugeordnet werden (I–III). Berücksichtigt man allerdings die Morphologie, Histologie und maximal bekannte Länge von isolierten Schädeln und Humeri von A. heterodontus, repräsentiert keines der hier beschriebenen Stücke ein voll ausgewachsenes Individuum. Die Knochenhistologie von Femora, die der Größenklasse III zugeordnet worden sind, wurde untersucht, und erlaubten das Quantifizieren jährlicher Wachstumsmarken im mittleren Schaftbereich. Somit konnte belegt werden, daß die Größenklasse III innerhalb des ersten Lebensjahres erreicht wurde und bis ins zweite Lebensjahr hineinreichte. Im Laufe des zweiten Lebensjahres waren die Tiere dann voll ausgewachsen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen klar, daß Jungtiere von A. heterodontus sehr schnell gewachsen sind. Sehr schnelles Wachstum wird auch durch das Knochengewebe angezeigt. Hier fallen v.a. die zahlreichen radialen Blutgefäßkanäle und die wenig organisierte, und folglich sehr schnell abgelagerte Knochenmatrix auf. Die so deutlich erweiterte ursprüngliche Diagnose von A. heterodontus erlaubt es in Zukunft auch isolierte Knochen aus Winterswijk und aus anderen Fundstellen aus dem Unteren und Mittleren Muschelkalk diesem Taxon zuzuordnen. Dies wiederum trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der taxonomischen Diversität und Verbreitung des Taxons, aber auch der ganzen Gruppe bei. Der morphologische Vergleich des Postcraniums von A. heterodontus mit dem von A. pumilio und Dactylosaurus bestätigt die bestehende phylogenetische Hypothese und das Schwestergruppenverhältnis der Pachypleurosaurier aus dem Germanischen Becken. Das Skelett von A. heterodontus zeigt keine morphologischen oder histologischen Anpassungen an eine aquatische Lebensweise wie z.B. Pachyostose oder Pachyosteosklerose. Somit ist A. heterodontus innerhalb der Pachypleurosauria der am wenigsten ans marine Leben angepaßte Pachypleurosaurier.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the members of the Muschelkalk Workgroup, Winterswijk, The Netherlands, for their support during the joint excavation and for access to their collections, as well as the Ankerpoort/B.V. Winterswijksche Steen- en Kalkgroeve and its manager G. ten Dolle for support on their premises. Jan van den Berg, Erik M. Bleeker, and Jos Lankamp are acknowledged for permission to study and cast the specimens in their care. O. Dülfer and N. Makschinski (both SIPB) are acknowledged for their excellent preparation of specimens and G. Oleschinski (SIPB) for the outstanding photographs. I thank Martin Sander (SIPB) and Dorota Konietzko-Meier (University of Opole) for helpful discussions and the recheck of growth mark count. Jessica Mitchell (SIPB) is acknowledged for linguistic improvement of the manuscript. I also would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for his critical comments of an early version of the manuscript. Jasmina Hugi and Olivier Rieppel are thanked for reviewing the current manuscript. Funding was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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Klein, N. Postcranial morphology and growth of the pachypleurosaur Anarosaurus heterodontus (Sauropterygia) from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk, The Netherlands. Paläontol Z 86, 389–408 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-012-0137-1

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