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First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves

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Abstract

Cambrian bivalves from the Middle East are reported here for the first time. They come from early “Middle Cambrian” and latest “Early Cambrian” limestones of the lower Çal Tepe Formation at the type locality (near Seydişehir, western Taurides). The majority of the new findings consists of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980, but a few specimens of Fordilla sp. represent the first report of this genus from “Middle Cambrian” strata. Based on a compilation of the hitherto reported, but mostly revised Cambrian bivalves, the today widely accepted taxa are discussed. The genera Pojetaia Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 are critically evaluated, and three valid species are included in Pojetaia: P. runnegari Jell, 1980, P. sarhroensis Geyer and Streng, 1998, and—with limitations—P. ostseensis Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995. Fordilla also includes three species: F. troyensis Barrande, 1881, F. sibirica Krasilova, 1977, and F. germanica Elicki, 1994. The Cambrian genera Tuarangia MacKinnon, 1982, Camya Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995, and Arhouriella Geyer and Streng, 1998 most probably belong to the class Bivalvia. Palaeoecologically, the Cambrian bivalves of the Western Perigondwanan shelf seem to occur in a relatively small window of low-energy, subtidal, open-marine, warm-water conditions on a muddy carbonate ramp or platform with reduced sedimentation rate. The frequently interpreted infaunal mode of life of Pojetaia and Fordilla is questioned by observations of similarly organized modern bivalves. The palaeogeographical distribution of Pojetaia and Fordilla is discussed with respect to their early ontogeny and to differences in the recent state of knowledge on shelly fossils from Cambrian carbonate successions of Perigondwana.

Zusammenfassung

Erstmals für den Mittleren Osten werden Funde kambrischer Muscheln gemeldet. Sie entstammen Kalksteinen untermittelkambischer und höchstunterkambrischer Bereiche der tieferen Çal Tepe Formation an der Typuslokalität Çal Tepe (nahe Seydişehir) im westlichen Taurusgebirge. Die Muscheln werden überwiegend durch die Art Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 und untergeordnet durch Fordilla sp. repräsentiert. Letztere stellt den ersten Nachweis dieser Gattung im „Mittelkambrium” überhaupt dar. Ausgehend von einer Zusammenstellung der bisher beschriebenen und größtenteils wieder revidierten kambrischen Muscheln, werden die heute weitgehend akzeptierten Formen diskutiert. Insbesondere für die Gattungen Pojetaia Jell, 1980 und Fordilla Barrande, 1881 und deren Arten werden taxonomisch verwendbare Merkmale kritisch bewertet. Danach ergeben sich im Bestand von Pojetaia folgende gültige Arten: P. runnegari Jell, 1980, P. sarhroensis Geyer and Streng, 1998 und—mit Einschränkung—P. ostseensis Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995. In der Gattung Fordilla werden die Arten F. troyensis Barrande, 1881, F. sibirica Krasilova, 1977 und F. germanica Elicki, 1994 geführt. Als höchstwahrscheinlich den Bivalvia zuzuordnende, weitere kambrische Gattungen werden Tuarangia MacKinnon, 1982, Camya Hinz-Schallreuter, 1995 und Arhouriella Geyer and Streng, 1998 angesehen. Paläoökologisch scheinen die kambrischen Muscheln des Perigondwana-Schelfs innerhalb eines relativ schmalen Fensters aufzutreten, welches niedrigenergetische, subtidale, offenmarine Warmwasserverhältnisse auf einer feinkörnigen Karbonatrampe oder -plattform mit geringer Sedimentationsrate repräsentiert. Die zumeist interpretierte, infaunale Lebensweise von Pojetaia und Fordilla erscheint im Vergleich mit ähnlich gebauten rezenten Muscheln als nicht hinreichend belegt. Die paläogeographische Verbreitung von Pojetaia und Fordilla wird mit Blick auf deren frühe Ontogenese und hinsichtlich des Bearbeitungsstandes von Schalenfossilien kambrischer Karbonatfolgen Perigondwanas diskutiert.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to J. Pojeta (Washington, USA), B. Runnegar (Los Angeles, CA), M.C. Göncüoğlu (Ankara, Turkey), K. Bandel (Hamburg, Germany), N. Malchus (Bellaterra, Spain), and E. Landing (Albany, NY) for important personal communications and comments on Cambrian bivalves and on unpublished data on the Cambrian in Turkey. J. Götze, M. Magnus, and A. Obst (all Freiberg, Germany) helped in CL and SEM microscopy and microphotography. We thank T. Wotte (Münster, Germany) and J.W. Schneider (Freiberg, Germany) for critical remarks on the manuscript, and A.R. Palmer (Boulder, CO) for important linguistic help. We would sincerely like to thank J. Peel (Uppsala, Sweden) and an anonymous colleague for their constructive reviews of the manuscript. I. Kogan (Freiberg, Germany) is greatly acknowledged for translation of important Russian literature.

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  1. Geological Institute, Freiberg University, Bernhard-von-Cotta street 2, 09599, Freiberg, Germany

    Olaf Elicki

  2. Mineralogy-Petrography Division, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, Turkey

    Semih Gürsu

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  1. Olaf Elicki
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Correspondence to Olaf Elicki.

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Elicki, O., Gürsu, S. First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves. Paläontol Z 83, 267–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-009-0021-9

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