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An interim synopsis of the Bradfordian families with a description of Thoxancalanus spinatus (Copepoda: Calanoida), a new diaixid genus and species from the deep Atlantic Ocean

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Abstract

Thoxancalanus spinatus gen. nov., sp. nov. is described from female specimens collected at abyssal depths above the sea bed in the Atlantic Ocean. The new genus belongs among the “Bradfordian” families of the superfamily Clausocalanoidea, characterised by the presence of sensory setae on maxilla and maxilliped and is currently placed in the family Diaixidae of the ancestral group of “Bradfordians” based on setal armament of the maxilliped. Among the Diaixidae the new species is characterised by an oblique row of flat spines on the posterior surfaces of exopod segments 2 in P2–P3, the ornamentation of the basis and exopod of leg 5 with scale-like spinules and by the primitive type of setation of oral parts. Many undescribed benthopelagic “Bradfordian” taxa have been obtained at great depths by the German expeditions DIVA I–III and ANDEEP I–III during the recent decade and studies of their morphology have allowed a critical, interim re-assessment of the composition of “Bradfordian” families. A synopsis of the generic composition of the “Bradfordian” families with diagnoses for the Phaennidae, Scolecitrichidae, Tharybidae, Diaixidae, Parkiidae, Rostrocalanidae and Kyphocalanidae is given with a discussion on the placement of genera within these families. A setation matrix for oral limbs of the currently described “Bradfordian” genera is presented to facilitate their identification. Finally, we give an outlook on promising approaches for elucidating relationships among “Bradfordian” families, both at the family and genera level.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Prof. Pedro Martínez Arbizu for providing the sorted copepod fraction of the DIVA–I–III expeditions which yielded the specimens analysed in this article. Many thanks to Knud Schulz for valuable comments on the early draft of this manuscript. The research of E.L. Markhaseva at the German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Biocentre Grindel and Zoological Museum was funded by DFG grant RE2808/2-1 and 12-04-00071-а grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St., Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    Elena L. Markhaseva

  2. Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany

    Silke Laakmann

  3. Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Biocentre Grindel and Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Jasmin Renz

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  1. Elena L. Markhaseva
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  2. Silke Laakmann
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Correspondence to Elena L. Markhaseva.

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Markhaseva, E.L., Laakmann, S. & Renz, J. An interim synopsis of the Bradfordian families with a description of Thoxancalanus spinatus (Copepoda: Calanoida), a new diaixid genus and species from the deep Atlantic Ocean. Mar Biodiv 44, 63–88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0185-0

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