Abstract
Recently, the burs of Xanthium strumarium L. were discovered at the Yuergou site (400–200 cal BC) in the Turpan Basin of northwestern China. These burs were hard and medicated with tan or gray color. Compared with previous findings of cockleburs remains in China, the present discoveries of X. strumarium are much larger in terms of the number recovered (138 burs). These represent the most abundant finds of cockleburs (X. strumarium) from archaeological contexts in China directly dating to around 250 cal BC. Moreover, it is interesting that most of these cockleburs were broken with their seeds missing as modern experimental results performed here indicate that they were likely opened by humans with a knife. The cockleburs were likely used as a common medicinal resource and provide us with a glimpse of the wild plant use and daily practices of the ancient inhabitants of the Turpan Basin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bocek BR (1984) Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, based on collections by John P. Harrington. Econ Bot 38(2):240–255
Botha CJ, Lessing D, Rosemann M, van Wilpe E, Williams JH (2014) Analytical confirmation of Xanthium strumarium poisoning in cattle. J Vet Diagn Investig 26:640–645
Bronk Ramsey C (2017) OxCal v4.3. https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCalhtml
Castetter EF (1935) Ethnobiological studies in the American southwest I. Uncultivated native plants used as sources of food. Univ New Mexico Bull 4(1):1–44
Chen JM (2009) Materia Medica Companion (Bencao Mengquan). Traditional Chinese Medical Classics Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Chen YS, Hind DJN (2011) Heliantheae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY (Eds). Flora of China. Volume 20–21 (Asteraceae). Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis)
Chen XX, Wang LZ, Wang Q (2010) Flotation result of 2006-2007 excavation season of Xijincheng site, Boai county of Henan. Huaxia Archaeol 3:67–76 (in Chinese)
Curtin LSM (1949) By the prophet of the earth. Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation
Elmore FH (1944) Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research
Fowler CS (1989) Willards Z. Park’s ethnographic notes on the northern Paiute of western Nevada 1933-1940. Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press
Han YC (2005) The medicinal value of Xanthium sibiricum. Pract J Med Pharm 22(3):262–263 (in Chinese)
Herrick JW (1977) Iroquois medical botany. State University of New York, Albany, Ph.D Thesis
Hocking GM (1956) Some plant materials used medicinally and otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. El Palacio 56:146–165
Jiang H, Li X, Zhao YX, Ferguson DK, Subir B, Francis H, Wang YF, Zhao LC, Liu CJ, Li CS (2006) A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. J Ethnopharmacol 108:414–422
Jiang H, Li X, Ferguson DK, Wang YF, Liu CJ, Li CS (2007) The discovery of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs (2500 years BP), NW China, and its medicinal implications. J Ethnopharmacol 113:409–420
Jiang H, Wu Y, Wang H, Ferguson DK, Li CS (2013) Ancient plant use at the site of Yuergou, Xinjiang, China: implications from desiccated and charred plant remains. Veg Hist Archaeobotany 22:129–140
Jiang H, Zhang Y, Lü E, Wang C (2015) Archaeobotanical evidence of plant utilization in the ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: a case study at the Shengjindian cemetery. Veg Hist Archaeobotany 24:165–177
Jin GY, Wang CM, Zheng TX, Gao MK, Wei CM (2012) Study on the carbonized plant remains from Chenzhuang site, Gaoqing county of Shandong. Cult Relics in Southern China 1:147–155 (in Chinese)
Jin GY, Wang YQ, Wang YH, Wu WW (2013) Study on the carbonized plant remains from Beiqian site, Jimo, Shandong (2007). East Asia Archaeol 10:239–254 (in Chinese)
Kamboj A, Saluja AK (2010) Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L. (cocklebur). Int J Green Pharm 4:129–139
Lan M (1977) Materia Medica of Yunnan (Diannan Bencao) vol 2. People’s Publishing House of Yunnan, Kunming (in Chinese)
Lan WL, Chen CY (2014) Plant macroremains from Guanzhuang site in Xingyang, Henan. East Asia Archaeol 11:402–406 (in Chinese)
Leon C Lin YL (2017) Chinese Medicinal Plants, Herbal Drugs and Substitutes: An Identification Guide. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Li SZ (2014) Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu). Shanxi Science & Technology Publishing House, Taiyuan (in Chinese)
Li Q, Xiang WG, Hao WF (2005) The studying and utilization of Xanthium sibiricum Patr. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 21:116–120 (in Chinese)
List GR, Spencer GF, Hunt WH (1979) Toxic weed seed contaminants in soybean processing. J Am Oil Chem Soc 56:706–710
Liu C, Fang YM (2010) The analysis of plant remains unearthed from Wadian Site, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Cultur Relics in Southern China 4:55–64 (in Chinese)
Liu CJ, Gu HB (2007) Archaeobotanical studies of the Chengtoushan site. In: He, J.J., Yasuda,Y. (Eds.), Chengtoushan in Lixian. Sino-Japan Cooperative Research on Environmental Archaeology in the Liyang Plain. Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Liu CJ, Jin GY, Kong ZC (eds) (2008) Archaeobotany-research on seeds and fruits. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Löve D, Dansereau P (1959) Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Can J Bot 37(37):173–208
Luoyang W (2002) Luoyang Zaojiaoshu: report on excavation of the settlement site of the Erlitou culture at Zaojiaoshu, Luoyang. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Ma YC, Wu WW, Wang Q, Zhang CM, Jin GY (2015) Study on the carbonized plant remains from Wangjiacun site, Dalian city of Liaoning Northern Cultural Relics 2:39–43 (in Chinese)
Masvingwe C, Mavenyengwa M (1998) Toxicological evaluation of the plant Xanthium strumarium in pigs in Zimbabwe. J Venomous Anim Toxins 4(2):113–119
Meng S, Zhang D (1984) Nutritional Materia Medica (Shiliao Bencao). In Xie HZ, Ma JX, Weng WJ, Zheng JS (Eds). People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Mueller-Bieniek A, Kittel P, Muzolf B, Muzolf P (2015) Useful plants from the site Lutomiersk–Koziówki near Łódź (central Poland) with special reference to the earliest find of Xanthium strumarium L. seeds in Europe. J Archaeol Sci Rep 3:275–284
Nakhutsrishvili G (2013) Synanthropic vegetation. In: The vegetation of Georgia (south Caucasus). Geobotany studies (basics, methods and case studies). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Pan Y (2011) Analysis of resources production in Yangzi Delta and Qiantang drainage during 10000-6000BP in terms of Palaeoethnobatany and human ecology. Ph. D dissertation, Fudan University, Shanghai (in Chinese)
Reagan AB (1929) Plants used by the White Mountain apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archeol 8:143–161
Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A et al (2013) Selection and treatment of data for radiocarbon calibration: an update to the international calibration (IntCal) criteria. Radiocarbon 55(4 (IntCal 13):1923–1945
Robbins WW, Harrington JP, Freire-Marreco B (1916) Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bull 55:49
Rogers DJ (1980) Lakota names and traditional uses of native plants by Sicangu (Brule) people in the rosebud area, South Dakota. St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Society
Romero JB (1954) The botanical Lore of the California Indians. Vantage Press, Inc., New York
Russell F (1908) The Pima Indians. Annual report (1904–1905). Bureau of American Ethnology 26:3–389. Washington: Smithsonian Institution
Shen L (2005) Live and learn. In: Zhou F (ed) Careers of the old doctors of traditional Chinese medicine. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan (in Chinese)
Speck FG (1941) A list of plant curatives obtained from the Houma Indians of Louisiana. Primitive Man 14:49–75
Speck FG, Hassrick RB, Carpenter ES (1942) Rappahannock herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures. Proceed Delaware County Inst Sci 10:7–55
Stevenson MC (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians: Annual report (1908–1909). Bureau of American Ethnology 30:35–102. Washington: Smithsonian Institution
Su J et al (1981) Newly-Revised Materia Medica (Xinxiu Bencao). Anhui Science & Technology Publishing House, Hefei (in Chinese)
Sun SM (2010) Valuable prescription for emergencies (Beiji Qianjin Yaofang). Shanxi Science & Technology Publishing House, Taiyuan (in Chinese)
Sun YG (2012) Study on the prehistorical economic form of lower Xiajiadian culture. Songzhou Social Sci Rev 5:28–34 (in Chinese)
Sun XY, Sun FY (1991) Shen Nong’s Canon of Materia Medica (Shennong Bencao Jing). Shanxi Science & Technology Publishing House, Taiyuan (in Chinese)
Sun YG, Zhao ZJ (2014) Flotation result from Bayantala site of Liao dynasty, Chifeng area of Inner Mongolia. Cult Relics in Southern China 3:68–71 (in Chinese)
Swank GR (1932) The ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis
Tao HJ (ed) (1986) Miscellaneous records of famous physicians (Ming Yi Bie Lu). People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Taylor LA (1940) Plants used as curatives by certain southeastern tribes. MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge
Tranel PJ, Jeschke MR, Wassom JJ, Maxwell DJ, Wax LM (2003) Variation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) interference among common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) accessions. Crop Prot 22:375–380
Vestal PA (1952) The ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Am Archaeol Ethnol 40(4):54
Wang RA (1987) Readable Materia Medica (Bencao Yidu). People’s Medical Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Wang CM (2010) Analysis of carbonized plant remains from the Chenzhuang site, Gaoqing, Shandong Province. Master Dissertation, Shandong University, Jinan (in Chinese)
Wang F (2015) Exploration the origin of medicine (Yilin Zuanyao Tanyuan). China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing (in Chinese)
Wang HY, Liu YC, Jin GY (2011) Analysis on the carbonized plant remains from Dongpan site, 2009, Linshu county, Shandong. East Asia Archaeology 8:359–372 (in Chinese)
Wang YQ, Wang FQ, Zhao J, Xu MJ, Zhang B, Zhang LB, Jin GY (2015) Analysis on the carbonized plant remains from Zhaogezhuang site, 2008, Yantai city of Shandong. Haidai Archaeol 8:56–64 (in Chinese)
Wei XT, Ma XL, Li YQ, Shi ZM, Zhang YQ, Li SL, Chen XC (2002) Briefing of the excavation from the Xipo site, Lingbao city of Henan in Lingbao city, Henan, in the spring of 2001. Huaxia Archaeol 2:31–52 (in Chinese)
Wu CR, Liu H, Zhao ZJ (2010) Discussion on the prehistorical agriculture of Jianghan plain by the flotation on result from the Yejiamiao site, Xiaogan city. Cult Relics in Southern China 4:64–69 (in Chinese)
Yan J, Shi W, Hong W (1958) Depei Materia Medica (Depei Bencao) vol 2. Science and Medical Publishing House, Shanghai (in Chinese)
Yan X, Guo F, Wang YQ, Guo XR (2013) Flotation result from Zhengjiaba site, Langzhong city of Sichuan. Sichuan Cult Relics 4:74–85 (in Chinese)
Yang C (2014) Research of plant remain in Yongping site in Baicheng city, Jilin Province. Res China’s Front Archaeol 15:299–306 (in Chinese)
Yang C, Xu K, Zhao ZJ (2010) Flotation result from Sunchangqing site of Baicheng city, Jilin. Northern Cult Relics 4:48–51 (in Chinese)
Zhang XH (2012) Flotation result from the archaeobotanical investigation of Guanting basin of Qinhai. Archaeol Cult Relics 3:26–33 (in Chinese)
Zhang TT, Yan LC, Zhao JN, Cheng L (2010) Advances in studies on toxicity and modern toxicology of Xanthii Fructus. Drug Eval Res 5:361–366 (in Chinese)
Zhao M (2009) Research of carbonized plant remains at the BeiqianSite, Jimo, Shandong Province. Master Dissertation, Shandong University, Jinan (in Chinese)
Zhao ZJ (2011) Flotation result of 2003-2004 excavation season of the bronze casting remains in locus west of Zhuangli village at Zhouyuan site, Fufeng county of Shannxi. Acta Archaeol Sinica 2:295–299 (in Chinese)
Zhao ZJ, He N (2006) Flotation result of 2002 excavation season from the Taosi site, Xiangfen county of Shanxi. Archaeology 5:77–86 (in Chinese)
Zhu S (2008) The collations and explanations of Chiu Huang Pen Ts’ao. China Agricultural Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the NSFC (41672171, 41471167) for financial support, and to members of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology in UCAS for useful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sheng, P., Shang, X. & Jiang, H. Archaeobotanical evidence for early utilization of cockleburs (Xanthium strumarium L., Asteraceae) in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 2027–2038 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0651-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0651-5