Abstract
Background
MRI is the diagnostic mainstay for detection and differentiation of musculoskeletal tumors. However, a projection regarding the biological dignity of lesions based on standard MRI sequences remains difficult and uncertain. This study was undertaken to analyse whether diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) can distinguish between benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumorous and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients.
Methods
MR examinations of 44 consecutive pediatric patients (26 girls, mean age 11±6 years) including standard sequences and DWI (b=50/800 s/mm2) at 1.5 or 3 Tesla were retrospectively evaluated. The study group contained 10 patients with non-treated malignant tumors and 34 patients with benign lesions. Size, relative signal intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, unit ×10−3 mm2/s) were determined in one lesion per patient.
Results
Mean ADC was 0.78±0.45×10−3 mm2/s in patients with malignant tumors and 1.71±0.75 ×10−3 mm2/s in patients with benign lesions (P<0.001). Relative operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 91% for malignancy, based on an ADC cut-off value of ≤1.03. On logistic regression, mean ADC and lesion size accounted for 62% of variability in benign vs. malignant tumors. For malignant tumors, the signal intensity ratio was higher on DWI than on T1w post-contrast images (P<0.002). Two cases of local tumor recurrence were diagnosed by DWI only.
Conclusions
DWI shows promising results for determination of biological dignity in musculoskeletal tumors. Mean ADC ≤1.03×10−3 mm2/s is a strong indicator of malignancy at the first diagnosis. The use of DWI for early diagnosis of tumor recurrence in comparison with standard MRI sequences should be evaluated in prospective studies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
De Schepper AM, De Beuckeleer L, Vandevenne J, Somville J. Magnetic resonance imaging of soft tissue tumors. Eur Radiol 2000;10:213–223.
Shapeero LG, Vanel D, Verstraete KL, Bloem JL. Fast magnetic resonance imaging with contrast for soft tissue sarcoma viability. Clin Orthop 2002:212–227.
Moulton JS, Blebea JS, Dunco DM, Braley SE, Bisset GS 3rd, Emery KH. MR imaging of soft-tissue masses: diagnostic efficacy and value of distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:1191–1199.
Daniel A Jr, Ullah E, Wahab S, Kumar V Jr. Relevance of MRI in prediction of malignancy of musculoskeletal system-A prospective evaluation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009;10:125.
Balzarini L, Sicilia A, Ceglia E, Tesoro Tess JD, Trecate G, Musumeci R. Magnetic resonance in primary bone tumors: a review of 10 years of activities. Radiol Med (Torino) 1996;91:344–347.
Bley TA, Wieben O, Uhl M. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in musculoskeletal radiology: applications in trauma, tumors, and inflammation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2009;17:263–275.
Baur A, Reiser MF. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the musculoskeletal system in humans. Skeletal Radiol 2000;29:555–562.
van Rijswijk CS, Kunz P, Hogendoorn PC, Taminiau AH, Doornbos J, Bloem JL. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the characterization of soft-tissue tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002;15:302–307.
Oka K, Yakushiji T, Sato H, Fujimoto T, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, et al. Usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating between desmoid tumors and malignant soft tissue tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;33:189–193.
Uhl M, Saueressig U, Koehler G, Kontny U, Niemeyer C, Reichardt W, et al. Evaluation of tumour necrosis during chemotherapy with diffusion-weighted MR imaging: preliminary results in osteosarcomas. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:1306–1311.
Hayashida Y, Yakushiji T, Awai K, Katahira K, Nakayama Y, Shimomura O, et al. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur Radiol 2006;16:2637–2643.
Meuwly J, Lepori D, Theumann N, Schnyder P, Etechami G, Hohlfeld J, et al. Multimodality imaging evaluation of the pediatric neck: techniques and spectrum of findings. Radiographics 2005;25:931–948.
Costa FM, Ferreira EC, Vianna EM. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011;19:159–180.
Abdel Razek AA, Gaballa G, Elhawarey G, Megahed AS, Hafez M, Nada N. Characterization of pediatric head and neck masses with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2009;19:201–208.
Oka K, Yakushiji T, Sato H, Hirai T, Yamashita Y, Mizuta H. The value of diffusion-weighted imaging for monitoring the chemotherapeutic response of osteosarcoma: a comparison between average apparent diffusion coefficient and minimum apparent diffusion coefficient. Skeletal Radiol 2010;39:141–146.
Woodhams R, Kakita S, Hata H, Iwabuchi k, Umeoka S, Mountford CE, et al. Diffusion-weighted Imaging of mucinous carcinoma of the breast: evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity in correlation with histologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:260–266.
Nagata S, Nishimura H, Uchida M, Sakoda J, Tonan T, Hiraoka K, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of soft tissue tumors: usefulness of the apparent diffusion coefficient for differential diagnosis. Radiat Med 2008;26:287–295.
Einarsdottir H, Karlsson M, Wejde J, Bauer HC. Diffusionweighted MRI of soft tissue tumours. Eur Radiol 2004;14:959–963.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Neubauer, H., Evangelista, L., Hassold, N. et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for detection and differentiation of musculoskeletal tumorous and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients. World J Pediatr 8, 342–349 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-012-0379-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-012-0379-8