Abstract
We developed geospatial models to forecast the concentration of air pollutants in different land uses over two seasons as cold (December, 2017) and warm (September, 2018) in Bushehr city. The samples were taken during three repetitions in three consecutive weeks encompassing SO2, CO, and NO2 focus specimens at 10 sites in four zones (traffic, industrial, residential, and recreational) over two seasons as cold (December, 2017) and warm (September, 2018). The SO2, CO and NO2 contributions were gathered by NIOSH guidelines samplers and dissected by analyzers models AF22M, CO12M, and AC32M, respectively. Multivariate analysis results show clusters in land use and sampling period in two main groups: (I) traffic and (II) industrial, residential, and recreational, in the warm and cold season. The result of our research shows that the traffic factor still contributes SO2, CO, and NO2 emissions in the warm season. The spatial variation of air quality index (AQI) of all sample sites was measured in the warm and cold seasons, and the value of this index was higher in traffic areas of the city (entrance and central area) than in another land.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelwaheb A, Moncef Z, Hamed BD (2015) Quantification of air pollutant emissions from the Jebel Chakir landfill site (Tunis City). Arab J Geosci 8(5):3335–3341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1350-x
Bahrami Asl F, Leili M, Vaziri Y, Salahshour Arian S, Cristaldi A, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M (2018) Health impacts quantification of ambient air pollutants using AirQ model approach in Hamadan, Iran. Environ Res 161:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.050
Briggs DJ, de Hoogh C, Gulliver J, Wills J, Elliott P, Kingham S, Smallbone K (2000) A regression-based method for mapping traffic-related air pollution: application and testing in four contrasting urban environments. Sci Total Environ 253(1):151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00429-0
Bruno F, Cocchi D (2002) A unified strategy for building simple air quality indices. Environmetrics 13(3):243–261. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.512
Chen L, Bai Z, Kong S, Han B, You Y, Ding X, Du S, Liu A (2010) A land use regression for predicting NO2 and PM10 concentrations in different seasons in Tianjin region, China. J Environ Sci 22(9):1364–1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60263-1
Chen R, Wang X, Meng X, Hua J, Zhou Z, Chen B, Kan H (2013) Communicating air pollution-related health risks to the public: an application of the Air Quality Health Index in Shanghai, China. Environ Int 51:168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.008
Chen J, Brager GS, Augenbroe G, Song X (2019) Impact of outdoor air quality on the natural ventilation usage of commercial buildings in the US. Appl Energy 235:673–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.020
Fitz-Simons T (1999) Guideline for reporting of daily air quality: air quality index (AQI). Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC
Huang Y-K, Luvsan M-E, Gombojav E, Ochir C, Bulgan J, Chan C-C (2013) Land use patterns and SO2 and NO2 pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Environ Res 124:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.02.006
Irimo B. 2018. Iranian Meteorological Office Data Processing Center. Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office, Bushehr, Iran.
Isobe Y, Yamada K, Wang Q, Sakamoto K, Uchiyama I, Mizoguchi T, Zhou Y (2005) Measurement of indoor sulfur dioxide emission from coal–biomass briquettes. Water Air Soil Pollut 163(1):341–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-1296-4
Jassim MS, Coskuner G, Munir S (2018) Temporal analysis of air pollution and its relationship with meteorological parameters in Bahrain, 2006–2012. Arab J Geosci 11(3):62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3403-z
Kennedy ER, Fischbach TJ, Song R, Eller PM, Shulman SA (1996) Summary of the NIOSH guidelines for air sampling and analytical method development and evaluation. Analyst 121(9):1163–1169. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9962101163
Kim B, Oh S, Jung J, Lee J-H (2019) Investigation of adsorption characteristics of four toxic gases (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen chloride) on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders and aluminum cylinders. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 69(6):726–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1574247
Krami LK, Amiri F, Sefiyanian A, Shariff ARBM, Tabatabaie T, Pradhan B (2013) Spatial patterns of heavy metals in soil under different geological structures and land uses for assessing metal enrichments. Environ Monit Assess 185(12):9871–9888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3298-9
Lanzafame R, Monforte P, Patanè G, Strano S (2015) Trend analysis of Air Quality Index in Catania from 2010 to 2014. Energy Procedia 82:708–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.796
Larson T, Su J, Baribeau A-M, Buzzelli M, Setton E, Brauer M (2007) A spatial model of urban winter woodsmoke concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 41(7):2429–2436. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0614060
Li X, Peng L, Yao X, Cui S, Hu Y, You C, Chi T (2017) Long short-term memory neural network for air pollutant concentration predictions: method development and evaluation. Environ Pollut 231:997–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.114
Li R, Wang Z, Cui L, Fu H, Zhang L, Kong L, Chen W, Chen J (2019) Air pollution characteristics in China during 2015–2016: spatiotemporal variations and key meteorological factors. Sci Total Environ 648:902–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.181
Lightowlers C, Nelson T, Setton E, Keller CP (2008) Determining the spatial scale for analysing mobile measurements of air pollution. Atmos Environ 42(23):5933–5937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.033
Luvsan M-E, Shie R-H, Purevdorj T, Badarch L, Baldorj B, Chan C-C (2012) The influence of emission sources and meteorological conditions on SO2 pollution in Mongolia. Atmos Environ 61:542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.044
McCarty J, Kaza N (2015) Urban form and air quality in the United States. Landsc Urban Plan 139:168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.03.008
McConnell R, Islam T, Shankardass K, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliland F, Gauderman J (2010) Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school. Environ Health Perspect 118(7):1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901232
Meng Z, Ding G, Xu X, Xu X, Yu H, Wang S (2008) Vertical distributions of SO2 and NO2 in the lower atmosphere in Beijing urban areas, China. Sci Total Environ 390(2):456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.012
Mintz D. 2012. Technical assistance document for the reporting of daily air quality-the air quality index (AQI): US Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-454/B-09-001: 1-23.
Ozkurt N, Sari D, Akalin N, Hilmioglu B (2013) Evaluation of the impact of SO2 and NO2 emissions on the ambient air-quality in the Çan–Bayramiç region of northwest Turkey during 2007–2008. Sci Total Environ 456-457:254–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.096
Rahman MM, Mahamud S, Thurston GD (2019) Recent spatial gradients and time trends in Dhaka, Bangladesh, air pollution and their human health implications. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 69(4):478–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1548388
Rawat JS, Kumar M (2015) Monitoring land use/cover change using remote sensing and GIS techniques: a case study of Hawalbagh block, district Almora, Uttarakhand, India. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 18(1):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.02.002
Robinson D, Monro J, Campbell E (2007) Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town. Atmos Environ 41(26):5464–5478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.059
Ross Z, English PB, Scalf R, Gunier R, Smorodinsky S, Wall S, Jerrett M (2006) Nitrogen dioxide prediction in Southern California using land use regression modeling: potential for environmental health analyses. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16(2):106–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500442
She QPX, Xu Q, Long L, Wei N, Liu M, Jia W, Zhou T, Han J, Xiang W (2017) Air quality and its response to satellite-derived urban form in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Ecol Indic 75:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.045
Singh KP, Gupta S, Rai P (2013) Identifying pollution sources and predicting urban air quality using ensemble learning methods. Atmos Environ 80:426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.023
Singh AP, Chakrabarti S, Kumar S, Singh A (2017) Assessment of air quality in Haora River basin using fuzzy multiple-attribute decision making techniques. Environ Monit Assess 189(8):1573–2959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6075-3
Tabatabaei T, Karbassi A, Moatar F, Monavari S (2015) Geospatial patterns and background levels of heavy metal in deposited particulate matter in Bushehr, Iran. Arab J Geosci 8(4):2081–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1241-6
Tibshirani R, Walther G, Hastie T (2001) Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic. J R Stat Soc B 63(2):411–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00293
Walsh MP (2003) Vehicle emission and health in developing countries. Air pollution & health in rapidly developing countries:146–175
Wang Z, Lv J, Tan Y, Guo M, Gu Y, Xu S, Zhou Y (2019) Temporospatial variations and Spearman correlation analysis of ozone concentrations to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matters and carbon monoxide in ambient air, China. Atmos Pollut Res 10(4):1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.003
Wheeler AJ, Smith-Doiron M, Xu X, Gilbert NL, Brook JR (2008) Intra-urban variability of air pollution in Windsor, Ontario-measurement and modeling for human exposure assessment. Environ Res 106(1):7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.004
Ying G, Ma J, Xing Y (2007) Comparison of air quality management strategies of PM10, SO2, and NOx by an industrial source complex model in Beijing. Environ Prog 26(1):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10182
Young KS, Chanyang M, Choi J, Bumjung P, Choi HG (2020) Air pollution by NO2 is associated with the risk of Bell’s palsy: a nested case-controlled study. Sci Reports (Nat Pub Group) 10(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61232-7
Žujić AM, Radak BB, Filipović AJ, Marković DA (2009) Extending the use of air quality indices to reflect effective population exposure. Environ Monit Assess 156(1):539–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0503-3
Acknowledgements
Professor Biswajeet Pradhan, the director of the Research Center on Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), deserves special thanks for his advice and suggestions during this project.
Funding
Islamic Azad University Bushehr Branch provided funding for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tabatabaie, T., Amiri, F. Assessment of contribution of SO2, CO, and NO2 in different urban land use in Bushehr region, Iran. Arab J Geosci 14, 833 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07164-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07164-6