Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of variations in water quality using statistical techniques: a case study of Işıklı Lake, Çivril/Denizli, Turkey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 08 April 2017

Abstract

A study of the hydrochemical evaluation of waters in the Işıklı Lake and surrounding area was carried out with the objective of identifying the geochemical processes and their relation with water quality in the region. The multivariate statistical techniques were used in the hydrochemical evaluation of waters. Statistical analysis of water quality parameters was made to seeing the interrelationship between different variables in order to explain the water quality and pollution status of study area. For this purpose, water samples were taken from lake, river, stream, and springs which are represented by investigated area and water qualities were evaluated. Generally, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl−, HCO3 − ions are dominant within surface water and water sources. Arsenic concentration increase is determined in Işıklı spring and Kufi stream water samples. Also, aluminum concentration is high level in the Kufi stream water samples. This increase was related to igneous rocks as geogenic origin. Also, geogenic contamination was identified in R-mode factor and cluster analyses. There is high correlation between electrical conductivity and major ions of waters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afşin M (1991) Afyon Sandıklı Kuruçay ovası ve Hüdai kaplıcasının hidrojeoloji incelemesi Ankara Üniversitesi Doktora tezi yayımlanmamış 330 s Ankara

  • Alam MN Elahi F Alam DU (2006) Risk and water quality assessment over view of River Sitalakhya in Bangladesh Acad Open Internet J http://www.acadjournal.com/2006/v19/part2/p1

  • Alamgir A, Khan MA, Schilling J, Shaukat SS, Shahab S (2016) Assessment of groundwater quality in the coastal area of Sindh province Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 188(2):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alberto WD, del Pilar DM, Valeria AM, Fabiana PS, Cecilia HA, de los Ángeles BM (2001) Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality a case study: Suquı́a River Basin (Córdoba–Argentina). Water Res 35(12):2881–2894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arslan H (2013) Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the assessment of groundwater quality in seawater intrusion area in Bafra plain Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 185(3):2439–2452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belkhiri L, Boudoukha A, Mouni L, Baouz T (2010) Application of multivariate statistical methods and inverse geochemical modeling for characterization of groundwater—a case study: Ain Azel plain (Algeria). Geoderma 159(3):390–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buck O, Niyogi DK, Townsend CR (2004) Scale-dependence of land use effects on water quality of streams in agricultural catchments. Environ Pollut 130:287–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çakmakoğlu A (1986) Çivril-Banaz-Sandıklı-Dinar Arasındaki Bölgenin Jeolojisi (K23-c1c2c3c4d3; K24-d3d4; L23-a2a3b1b2b3b4; L24-a1a2a3a4) MTA Rap Derleme 8062 Ankara

  • Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8(3):559–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceylan MA (1998) Baklan-Çivril havzası ve yakın çevresinin hidrojeomorfolojik etüdü Doktora Tezi Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü 275 s İstanbul (yayınlanmamış)

  • Ceylan MA, Eskikurt A (2001) Kufi Çayı boğazının doğal ve tarihî coğrafyası. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 3(1):123–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Mukherjee A (1999) Hydrogeological investigation of ground water arsenic contamination in South Calcutta. Sci Total Environ 225:249–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson E (1981) Aluminium in groundwater possible solution equilibria. Nord Hydrol 12:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metals sources in soils. Environ Pollut 114:313–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feller MC (2007) Forest harvesting and streamwater inorganic chemistry in western north American: a review. J Am Water Resour Assoc 41:785–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeze RA,Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater Englewood cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River

  • FugroSİAL (2014) Yukarı Büyük Menderes havzası (Küfi) yeraltısuyu planlama (hidrojeolojik etüt) raporu s:396

  • Garizi AZ, Sheikh V, Sadoddin A (2011) Assessment of seasonal variations of chemical characteristics in surface water using multivariate statistical methods. Int J Environ Sci Technol 8(3):581–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Güler C, Kurt MA, Alpaslan M, Akbulut C (2012) Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater hydrology and chemistry in tarsus coastal plain (Mersin SE Turkey) using fuzzy clustering multivariate statistics and GIS techniques. J Hydrol 414:435–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Maheto A, Roy P, Datta JK, Saha RN (2008) Geochemistry of groundwater Burdwan district West Bengal India. Environ Geol 53:1271–1282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gürbüz A, Boyraz S, Ismael MT (2011) Plio-Quaternary development of the Baklan–Dinar graben: implications for cross-graben formation in SW Turkey. Int Geol Rev 54(1):33–50

  • Harilal CC, Hashim A, Arun PR, Baji S (2004) Hydro geochemistry of two rivers of Kerala with special reference to drinking water quality. J Ecol Environ Conserv 10(2):187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Helena B, Pardo R, Vega M, Barrado E, Fernandez JM, Fernandez L (2000) Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Res 34:807–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hem JD (1985) Study and Interpretation of the water chemical characteristic of natural water Science for a changing world USGS http://pubsusgsgov/wsp/ wsp2254/pdf/intropdf

  • Hill AR (1990) Ground water flow paths in relation to nitrogen chemistry in the near-stream zone. Hydrobiologia 206(1):39–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain M, Ahmed SM, Abderrahman W (2008) Cluster analysis and quality assessment of logged water at an irrigation project eastern Saudi Arabia. J Environ Manag 86:297–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismael MT (2009) Işıklı Göl (Çivril/Denizli) Tortullarının Sedimantolojik İncelenmesi Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yükseklisans Tezi 80s Ankara

  • Jackson JE (2005) A user’s guide to principal components, vol 587. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvie HP, Whitton BA, Neal C (1998) Nitrogen and phosphorus in east coast British rivers: speciation sources and biological significance. Sci Total Environ 210:79–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joe H, Ward JR (1963) Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J Am Stat Assoc 58:236–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazi TG, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA, Shah AQ (2009) Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study. Ecotox Environ Safe 72(2):301–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JO, Mueller CW (1987) Introduction to factor analysis: what it is and how to do it quantitative applications in social sciences series. Sage University Press, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Koç C (2010) A study on the pollution and water quality modeling of the River Buyuk Menderes Turkey. Clean–Soil Air Water 38(12):1169–1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konak N (2002) Türkiye’nin 1/500000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası İzmir bölgesi MTA Ankara

  • Konak N Senel M (2002) 1/500000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasi Denizli paftası MTA Ankara

  • Liu GD, Wu WL (2003) The dynamics of soil nitrate leaching and contamination of groundwater in high-yielding farmlands. Chin J Eco-Agric 11(1):91–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Love D Hallbauer DK (1998) Characterisation of groundwater contamination in a dolomitic aquifer: a case study from the Far West Rand Geocongress 98 Geological Society of South Africa Pretoria South Africa July 1988 Extended abstracts pp 272–275

  • Marinović RA, Ruždjak D (2015) Evaluation of river water quality variations using multivariate statistical techniques: Sava River (Croatia): a case study. Environ Monit Assess 187(4):4393–4393

    Google Scholar 

  • Moncaster SJ, Bottrell SH, Tellam JH, Lloyd JW, Konhauser KO (2000) Migration and attenuation of agrochemical pollutants: insights from isotopic analysis of groundwater sulphate. J Contam Hydrol 43:147–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oketola AA, Adekolurejo SM, Osibanjo O (2013) Water quality assessment of river Ogun using multivariate statistical techniques. J Environ Prot 4:466–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliva González S, Almeida CA, Quintar S, Mallea MA, González PS (2011) Application of multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate organic pollution on a river in Argentina Ambiente & Água-an Interdisciplinary. J Appl Sci 6(3):27–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmez I, Beal JW, Vilaaume JF (1994) A new approach to understanding multiple-source groundwater contamination: factor analysis and chemical mass balances. Water Res 28:1095–1101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Öngür T (1973) Sandıklı (Afyon) Jeotermal Araştırma Bölgesine İlişkin Jeolojik Durum ve Jeotermal Enerji Olanakları Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Ankara 5520

  • Öztaş Y (1989) Homa-Akdağ yöresi Sandıklı-Şuhut kuzeylerinin jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları TPAO Arşivi 2584 Ankara

  • Öztürk A (1981) Homa-Akdağ (Denizli) Yöresinin Stratigrafisi TJK Bülteni Ankara 24(1):75–84

  • Palma P, Alvarenga P, Palma VL, Fernandes RM, Soares AM, Barbosa IR (2010) Assessment of anthropogenic sources of water pollution using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Alqueva’s reservoir Portugal. Environ Monit Asses 165(1–4):539–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Kazama F, Lee S (2014) Assessment of water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Nakdong River basin Korea. Environ Eng Res 19(3):197–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perona E, Bonilla I, Mateo P (1999) Spatial and temporal changes in water quality in a Spanish River. Sci Total Environ 241(1):75–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters NE, Meybeck M (2000) Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: impacts of human activities IWRA. Water Int 25(2):185–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piper AM (1944) A graphical procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. Am Geophys Union Trans 25:914–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purandara BK, Varadarajan N, Jayashree K (2003) Impact of sewage on ground water: a case study. Pollut Res 22(2):189–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Raiber M, White PA, Daughney CJ, Tschritter C, Davidson P, Bainbridge SE (2012) Three-dimensional geological modelling and multivariate statistical analysis of water chemistry data to analyse and visualise aquifer structure and groundwater composition in the Wairau plain Marlborough District New Zealand. J Hydrol 436:13–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond PA, Oh NH, Turner RE, Broussard W (2008) Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River. Nature 451:449–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reghunath R, Sreedhara Murthy TR, Raghavan BR (2002) The utility of multivariate statistical techniques in hydrogeochemical studies: an example from Karnataka India. Water Res 36:2437–2442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline alkali soils: agriculture handbook, vol 160. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, p 60

    Google Scholar 

  • Şahinci A (1991) Geochemistry of natural waters The Reform Printing Office Izmir (in Turkish)

  • Salem ZE, Atwia MG, El-Horiny MM (2015) Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater in the reclaimed small basin of Abu Mina Egypt. Hydrogeol J 23(8):1781–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeller H (1955) Géochemie des eaux souterraines. Rev Inst Fr Pétrol 10:230–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeller H (1962) Les eaux souterraines Hydrologie dynamique et chimique Recherche exploitation et évaluation des ressources Masson & Cie Paris France 642

  • Şenel M (2002) Geological Map of Turkey in 1/500000 Scale: Konya Sheet Publication of Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey (MTA) Ankara

  • Shin JY, Artigas F, Hobble C, Lee YS (2013) Assessment of anthropogenic influences on surface water quality in urban estuary northern New Jersey: multivariate approach. Environ Monit Assess 185:2777–2794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simeonov V, Stratis JA, Samara C, Zachariadis G, Voutsa D, Anthemidis A, Kouimtzis T (2003a) Assessment of the surface water quality in northern Greece. Water Res 37(17):4119–4124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simeonova P, Simeonov V, Andreev G (2003b) Water quality study of the Struma river basin Bulgaria (1989–1998). Open Chem 1(2):121–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh KP, Malik A, Mohan D, Sinha S (2004) Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water Res 38(18):3980–3992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • StatSoft Inc (2004) STATISTICA (Data Analysis Software System) Version 6

  • Subbarao C, Subbarao NV, Chandu SN (1995) Characterisation of groundwater contamination using factor analysis. Environ Geol 28:175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SWQR (2015) Surface Water Quality Regulation Official Gazette Republic of Turkey Date: 15042015 No: 29327 (in Turkish)

  • Tijani MN (1994) Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area Kwara state Nigeria. Environ Geol 24:194–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd DK, Mays LW (2005) Groundwater hydrology, Third edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Turan N (2002) Geological Map of Turkey in 1/500000 Scale: Ankara Sheet Publication of Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey (MTA) Ankara

  • Varol M, Gökot B, Bekleyen A, Şen B (2012) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. River Res Appl 28(9):1428–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega M, Pardo R, Barrado E, Deban L (1998) Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Res 32:3581–3592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2003) Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water Background Document for Preparation of WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World Health Organization Geneva

  • WHO (2011) World Health Organization Edition F Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality WHO chronicle 38:104–8

  • Wilcox LV (1955) Classification and use of irrigation water. USDA Circular, Washington DC, p 969

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu EMY, Kuo SL (2012) Applying a multivariate statistical analysis model to evaluate the water quality of a watershed. Water Environ Res 84(12):2075–2085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlin DA, Diaz MP, Ame MV, Pesce SF, Hued AC, Bistoni MA (2001) Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality a case study: Suquia river basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Water Res 35:2881–2894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yidana SM (2010) Groundwater classification using multivariate statistical methods. Southern Ghana J Afr Earth Sci 57(5):455–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Li ZW, Zeng GM, Li JB, Fang Y, Yuan QS, Wang YM, Ye FY (2009) Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in red soil hilly region: a case study of Xiangjiang watershed China. Environ Monit Assess 152:123–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B, Song X, Zhang Y, Han D, Tang C, Yu Y, Ma Y (2012) Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain Northeast China. Water Res 46(8):2737–2748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Xia XH, Yang ZF, Wang F (2012) Assessment of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake using multivariate statistical techniques. Procedia Environ Sci 13:1213–1226

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study has been achieved under the scope of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK/2209-A), the project of University Students Research Projects Support Programme-2015.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Fatma Aksever & Seher Büyükşahin

Authors
  1. Fatma Aksever
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seher Büyükşahin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatma Aksever.

Additional information

The original version of this article was revised: the paper previously published with incorrect Fig. 5 caption. Given in this article is the correct caption

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2975-3.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aksever, F., Büyükşahin, S. Assessment of variations in water quality using statistical techniques: a case study of Işıklı Lake, Çivril/Denizli, Turkey. Arab J Geosci 10, 143 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2877-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2877-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation