Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Statistical Approach for Evaluation of the Effects of Industrial and Municipal Wastes on Warri Rivers, Niger Delta, Nigeria

  • Published:
Water Quality, Exposure and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rivers in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria are of particular importance in surface water pollution studies as they act as receptacles for effluents from oil industries, municipal sewage, agricultural and urban run-off. The water quality of these rivers is thus considerably changed. Results obtained from the analyses were correlated using Pearson’s correlation matrix, principal component analysis and pollution index. Positive correlations were observed for pH, conductivity, TDS, Cl−, Mg2+, \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{2-}\), COD, Cd and Ni2+. The pollution index, PI, for all the samples (1.11) is considered critical and indicates that the water samples from these rivers require treatment before use. Multivariate statistical and principal component analyses of the data showed three major components: PC1 with variance 6.42 representing 42.8% of the total variability, PC2 with variance 3.76 representing 25.10% of total variability, and PC3 with variance 2.13 representing 14.20% of the total variability. The first three principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 represent 82.10% of the total variability, suggesting that three principal components adequately explain the variation in the data set. The results of the analyses when compared with World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the rivers were polluted and so the water from such rivers is not safe for domestic use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akaninwor JO, Anosike EO, Egwu O (2007) Effect of Indomie industrial effluent discharge on microbial properties of new Calabar River. Sci Res Essays 2:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Akpata TVI, Oyenekan JA, Nwankwo DI (1993) Impact of organic pollution on the Bactenal, Plankton and Benthic Population of Lagos lagoon, Nigeria. Int J Ecol Environ Sci 19:73–82

    Google Scholar 

  • American Public Health Association (APHA) (1995) Standard method for examination of water and wastewater, 19th edn. FN SPON, Washington, pp 2–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Anita MI, Ramkumar T, Venkatramanan S (2011) Application of statistical analysis for the hydrogeochemistry of saline groundwater in Kodiakarai, Tamilnadu. India J Coast Res, 1–11

  • Boyacioglu H, Boyacioglu H (2007) Water pollution sources assessment by multivariate statistical methods in the Tahtali Basin, Turkey. Environ Geol 54:275–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egereonu U, Dike R (2007) Evaluation of the pollution levels of Orashi rivers and Oguta Lake. J Chem Soc Nigeria 32:59–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Garric J, Vindiman E, Ferand JF (1993) Ecotoxicology and waste water, some practical implications. Sci Total Environ (Suppl) 1085–1103

  • Horton RK (1965) An index system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 3:300–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JO, Mueller CW (1978) Introduction to factor analysis what it is and how to do it. Quantitative applications in the social sciences series. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi H, Rittman BE (1982) Microbial removal of hazardous organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 19(3):470–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohani BN (1984) Recycling potentials of solid waste in Asia through organised scavenging. Conserv Recycl 74:181–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manahan SE (2005) Environmental chemistry, 8th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 61–62, 179

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohiuddin KM, Zakir HM, Otomo K, Sharmin S, Shikazono N (2001) Geochemical distribution of trace metal pollutants in water and sediments of downstream of an urban river. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7(1):17–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Nduka JK, Orish EO, Ezenweke LO (2008) Some physicochemical parameters of potable water supply in Warri, Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Sci Res Essays 3(11):547–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Nwankwo DI (1998) The influence of saw-mill wood wastes on Diatom population at Okobaba Lagos, Nigeria. J Bot 11:16–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Olobaniyi SB, Owoyemi FB (2006) Chemical Facies of groundwater in the Deltaic Plain Sands Aquifer of Warri, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr J Sci Technol 7(1):73–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Otukunefor TV, Obiukwu CO (2005) Impact of Refinery Influent on Physicochemical properties of water body on Niger Delta. J Appl Ecol Environ Res 3:61–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Panda UC, Sundaray SK, Rath P, Nayak BB, Bhatta D (2006) Application of factor and cluster analysis for characterization of river and estuarine water systems—a case study: Mahandi river (India). J Hydrol 331:434–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phiri O, Mumba P, Moyo BHZ, Kadewa W (2005) Assessment of the impact of industrial effluents on water quality of receiving rivers in urban areas of Malawi. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2(3):237–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan UK, Shirodkar PV, Shahu BK (2009) Physicochemical characteristic of the coastal water off Devi estuary, Orissa and evaluation of its seasonal changes using chemometric techniques. Curr Sci 96(9):1203–1209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Praus P (2005) Water quality assessment using SVD-based principal component analysis of hydrological data. Water SA 31(4):417–422

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rim-Rukeh A, Ikhifa OG, Okokoyo AP (2006) Effects of agricultural activities on the water quality of Orogodo river, Agbor Nigeria. J Appl Sci Res 2(5):256–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekabira K, Oryem Origa H, Basamba TA, Mutumba G, Kakudidi E (2010) Heavy metal assessment and water quality values in urban stream and rain water. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7(4):759–770

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh MA, Noah NM, Tsuha K, Oomori T (2007) Occurrence of tributylin compounds and characteristics of heavy metals. Int J Environ Sci Technol E1:49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha S, Kazama F (2007) Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environ Model Softw 22(4):464–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tubonimi JKI, Omubo A, Herbert OS (2010) Assessment of water quality along Amadi creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sci Afr 19(1):153–165

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1998) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edn. WHO, Geneva, p 188. ISBN:9241545143

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlin DA, Días MP, AméMaría V, Pesce SF, Hued AC, Bistoni MÁ (2001) Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia river basin (Cordoba–Argentina). Water Res 35(12):2881–2894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiaoyun F, Baoshan C, Hui Z, Zhiming Z, Honggang Z (2010) Assessment of river water quality in Pearl River Delta using multivariate statistical techniques. In: International society for environmental information sciences 2010 annual conference (ISEIS) procedia environmental sciences, vol 2, pp 1220–1234

    Google Scholar 

  • Yisa J, Jimoh T (2010) Analytical studies on water quality index of river Landzu. Am J Appl Sci 7(4):453–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zvinowanda CM, Okonkwo JO, Shabalala PN, Agyei NM (2009) A novel adsorbent for heavy metal remediation in aqueous environment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 6(3):425–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Zhongwu L, Guangming Z, Jianbing L, Yong F, Qingshui Y, Yamei W, Fangyi Y (2009) Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in red soil hilly region: a case study of Xiangjiang watershed. China Environ Monit Assess 152:123–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou F, Guo HC, Liu Y, Jiang YM (2007) Chemometrics data analysis of marine water quality and source identification in Southern Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 54(6):745–756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Petroleum and Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

    M. C. Onojake, S. O. Ukerun & G. Iwuoha

Authors
  1. M. C. Onojake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. O. Ukerun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. Iwuoha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. C. Onojake.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Onojake, M.C., Ukerun, S.O. & Iwuoha, G. A Statistical Approach for Evaluation of the Effects of Industrial and Municipal Wastes on Warri Rivers, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water Qual Expo Health 3, 91–99 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-011-0046-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-011-0046-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation