Skip to main content
Log in

Jurassic Geoheritage and Geotourism Potential in the Spiti Valley of India: a Thing of the Past, Shielded for the Future

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Geoheritage Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Tethyan sediments in the Spiti Valley deposited along the northern margin of Indian craton are rich in fossils and hold a key value in the stratigraphy of the Indian Himalaya and could become a vital geoheritage site. Such geological sites need to be preserved, making them available for our future generation geoscientists. The present study aims to document, analyze, and assess geologically frail sites, keeping in mind the existing and impending anthropological responses to such sites. The study also endorses the idea of sustainably managing the geologically important “geosites” as “Geoparks” and “Fossil parks” in the Spiti Valley and equally promoting social inclusion by appointing local community members as the guardians of these sites, thus generating an alternate revenue system through geotourism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahluwalia AD (2006) Indian geoheritage, geodiversity: geosites and geoparks. Curr Sci 91(10):1307

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberti M, Fürsich FT, Pandey DK, Andersen N, Garbe-Schönberg D, Bhosale S, Chaskar K, Habermann JM (2021) First record of stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) and element ratios (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of Middle to Late Jurassic belemnites from the Indian Himalayas and their potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. J Palaeogeogr 10(1):1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anantharamu TR, Bellur D, Bhasker AA (2001) National geological monuments. Geol Survey of India Special Publication 61(6):98

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajpai SC (2002) Lahaul-Spiti: a forbidden land in the Himalayas. Indus Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Besch NF (2006) Tibetan medicine off the roads: modernizing the work of the Amchi in Spiti. Dissertation. University of Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON (2008) An updated introduction to the Spiti geology. J Palaeontol Soc India 53(2):113–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON, Kathiara RS (1969) Montlivaltia sp. from the Triassic of Spiti. Bull Indian Geol Assoc 2(3/4):123

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON, Bassi UK (1985) Upper Triassic Coral Knoll Reefs: Middle Norian, Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal Himalaya, India. Facies 12:219–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON, Bassi UK (1986) Silurian reefal buildups, Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal Himalaya, India. Facies 15:35–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON, Bassi UK (1987) Algae from the Silurian Manchap Formation, Tidong Valley (Kinnaur), Himachal Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 29(5):500–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhargava ON, Gadhoke SK (1988) Triassic microfauna of the Lilang Group with special reference to Scythian–Anisian Conodonts, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 32(6):494–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt DK, Joshi VK (1978a) Early Lower Triassic conodonts from Spiti river section. Curr Sci 47(4):118–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt DK, Joshi VK (1978b) A record of foraminifera from the Lower Triassic Strata of Spiti, Tethys Himalaya. Curr Sci 47(10):348

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt DK, Joshi VK, Arora RK (1981a) Neospathodus praekummeli - a new species of conodont from Lower Triassic of Spiti. J Geol Soc India 22:444–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt DK, Joshi VK, Arora RK (1981b) Conodonts of the Otoceras bed of Spiti. J Palaeontol Soc India 25:130–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale S, Chaskar K, Pandey DK, Lakhote A, Thakkar A, Chauhan G, Bhandari S, Thakkar MG (2021a) Jurassic geodiversity and geomorphosite of Kanthkot area, Wagad, kachchh, western India. Int J Geoheritage Parks 9(1):51–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale S, Pandey DK, Fürsich FT, Alberti M, Chaskar K, Thakkar MG (2021b) Palaeobiogeography of the Late Jurassic ammonite genus Paraboliceras in the Indo-Pacific Realm and newly collected material from Spiti Valley, India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, pp 63–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas SK, Chauhan G (2021) The Kutch Rift Basin–potential location for a national geopark of India. A monograph on potential geoparks of India. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), New Delhi, pp 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas SK, Chauhan GD (2022) Intra-plate dynamics and active tectonic zones of the Indian Plate. Adv Plate Tectonics. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105647

  • Blanford HF (1863) On. Dr. Gerard’s collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society’s Museum. J Asiat Soc Bengal 32:124–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2007) Geoheritage and geoconservation-history, definition, scope and scale. J R Soc West Aust 90(2):53–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan G, Biswas SK, Thakkar MG, Page K (2021) The unique geoheritage of the Kachchh (Kutch) Basin, Western India, and its conservation. Geoheritage 13:23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00535-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan NK, Chauhan G, Agrawal V, Thakkar MG (2023) Geological heritage and geotourism potential of Udaipur region, Rajasthan, India. Geoheritage 15:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00773-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavan A, Sarkar S, Thakkar A, Solanki J, Jani C, Bhandari S, Bhattacharya S, Desai BG, Ray B, Shukla AD, Sajinkumar KS, Mitra S, Gupta S, Chauhan G, Thakkar MG (2022) Terrestrial Martian analog heritage of Kachchh Basin, Western India. Geoheritage 14:33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00666-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan GD, Biswas SK, Thakkar MG, Bhadari S, Desai BG (2016) Kachchh Basin of Western India: a potential geo-park in South Asia. In: 9th international geographical union (IGU) conference. Abstract Volume, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Dezes P (1999) Tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the central Himalayan domain in southeast Zanskar (Kashmir, India). Mem Geol Univ Lausanne 32:1–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1895) Cephalopoda of the Muschelkalk. Palaeontologia Indica 2(2):188

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1897) Cephalopoda of the Lower Trias. Palaeontologia Indica 2(1):181

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1903) The Permian fossils of the Himalayas. Palaeontologia Indica 1(5):204

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1907) Fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk. Palaeontologia Indica 5(2):140

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1908) Ladinic, Carnic and Noric fauna of Spiti. Palaeontologia Indica 5(3):157

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1912) The Trias of the Himalayas. Mem Geol Survey of India 36:202–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener C (1915) The Anthracolithic fauna of Kashmir, Kinnaur and Spiti. Palaeontologia Indica 5(2):135

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling RK (2011) Geotourism’s global growth. Geoheritage 3(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling RK (2013) Global geotourism–an emerging form of sustainable tourism. Czech J Tourism 2(2):59–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling RK, Newsome D (2006) Geotourism. Elsevier, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Everest R (1841) Geological remarks made during a journey from Delhi through the Himalaya mountains to the frontier of Little Tibet. Proc Geol Society of London 3:66

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikstad L (2013) Geoheritage and geodiversity management–the questions for tomorrow. Proc Geologists’ Assoc 124(4):713–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich FT, Alberti M, Pandey DK, Chaskar K, Bhosale S (2021) Facies analysis and palaeoecology of the Jurassic Spiti Shale Formation in the Spiti area, Northern India. J Palaeogeography 10(4):438–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich FT, Alberti M, Pandey DK, Ayoub-Hannaa WS (2022) Jurassic bivalves from the Spiti area of the Himalayas, northern India. Zitteliana 96:153–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gansser A (1980) The significance of the Himalayan suture zone. Tectonophysics 62(1-2):37–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garzanti E, Jadoul F, Nicora A, Berra F (1995) Triassic of Spiti (Tethys Himalaya, N India). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 101(3)

  • Gerard JG (1833) Observations on the Spiti Valley. Asia Res 18(2):238

    Google Scholar 

  • GGN (2010) Guideline and criteria for Canadian sites seeking geopark designation within the Global Geopark Network (GGN). Canadian Federation of Earth Science: 115–118

  • Goel RK (1977) Triassic conodonts from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh). India. J Palaeontology 51(6):1085–1101

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel RK, Srivastava SS (1978) Anisian microfossils from Guling, Spiti. Nat Geogr Jour Ind 24(314):159–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel RK, Zennineti L, Srivastava SS (1981) Les foraminiferes di Laislon (T’rias Moyen) de la localite de Guling, Vallea de Spiti (Himalaya Inde Septerlrionale). Arch Sc 34(2):227–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel RK, Kozur H, Srivastava SS (1984) Middle Anisian (Pelsonian) Ostracoda from Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), India. Geoscience J 2:53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel RK, Kato M, Jain AK, Srivastava SS (1987) Fauna from the Muth Quartzite, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ 22(2):247–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Griesbach CL (1889) Geological notes - a sequence of formations in Spiti. Rec Geol Survey of India 22:158–167

    Google Scholar 

  • GSI (2012) Travel brochure on National Geological Monuments of India: region south. Geological survey of India, Hyderabad, p 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan SS, Andrzej K, Einafshar A (2012) A tourism demand based method of geosites assessment on prioritization modeling: the case of Razavi Khorasan Province. J Hosp Manag Tour 3(5):82–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden HH (1904) The geology of Spiti with parts of Bashahr and Rupshu. Mem Geol Survey of India 36(1):121

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton T (1839) Journal of trip through Kunawar, Hangrang and Spiti. J Asiat Soc Bengal 8:901

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton T (1840) Journal of trip through Kunawar, Hangrans and Spiti. J Asiat Soc Bengal 9:489

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton T (1841) Geological report on the Valley of Spiti. J Asiat Soc Bengal 10:198

    Google Scholar 

  • INTACH (2016) A monograph on National Geoheritage Monuments of India. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda C (2015) Socio-economic organisation in a border area of Tibetan culture: Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wein, India

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jain SP, Mannikeri MS (1975) Ostracoda from the Spiti Shales, Spiti Valley. Himalayan Geology 5:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi AU, Gorania P, Limaye MA, Chauhan GD, Thakkar MG (2022) Geoheritage values of the Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Gujarat, Western India. Geoheritage 14(3):88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kale VS (2014) Geomorphosites and geoheritage sites in India. In: Kale VS (ed) Landscapes and landforms of India. Springer, World Geomorphological Landscapes, 247–267

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Goel RK, Srivastava SS (1987) Ordoyician algae from Spiti. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ 22(2):313–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley D, Page K, Quiroga D, Salazar R (2019) Geoheritage, geotourism and conservation in the Galapagos Islands, geoheritage, geoparks and geotourism. Springer. 1–183.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05915-6_1

  • Klimburg-Salter DE, Luczanits C (1997) Tabo : A lamp for the kingdom : Early Indo-Tibetan Buddhist art in the western Himalaya. Milan, Skira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna J (2017) The Indian Mesozoic chronicle: sequence stratigraphic approach. Springer Singapore, pp 1–693

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna J, Kumar S, Singh IB (1982) Ammonoid stratigraphy of the Spiti Shale (Upper Jurassic), Tethys Himalaya, India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Montashefte 1982:580–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnanand RVAV (2019) Geographical analysis of geotourism based seasonal economy in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. GeoJ Tour Geosites Year XII 24(1):118–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar J (2011) Tourism potential and its impact in Himachal Pradesh - a case study of Lahaul Spiti Kullu and Una Districts. Unpublished Ph. D thesis, Himachal Pradesh University (https://hdl.handle.net/10603/120982)

  • McBriar M (1995) Foreword. In: Joyce EB (ed) A report prepared for the Australian Heritage Commission by the Standing Committee for the Geological Heritage of the Geological. Society of Australia Inc, Sydney, NSW

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra PC, Singh G, Kumar GA, Ahluwalia AD (1982) Chitinizoa from Lower Palaegzoic sequence of Spiti, H.P., India. Geophytology 12(1):111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Page KN (2018) Fossils, heritage and conservation: managing demands on a precious resource. In: Geoheritage: assessment, protection, and management, 128, p 107

  • Page KN, Wimbledon WA (2009) The conservation of Jurassic heritage in the UK -a critical review of current practice and effectiveness. Volumina Jurassica 6:163–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey DK, Wadhawan KS, Bhosale S (2022) Geoconservation through geotourism around geologically significant sites and desert landscapes in potential geopark in Jaisalmer Basin. Western India. Geoheritage 14:108

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey S, Parcha SK (2013) Systematics, biometry of the species Opsidiscus from the Middle Cambrian succession of the Spiti Basin, India. J Geol Soc India 82:330–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pant PC, Azmi RJ (1983) A record of ostracodes from the middle Triassic of Spiti, Himachal pradesh. Himalayan Geology 11:444–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK (1996) Cambrian sequences in the Tethyan zone of Spiti Himalaya and its boundary problems. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 34:3–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK (1998) Biostratigraphy of the Middle Cambrian sequences of Spiti Himalaya and its correlation with analogous sequences in Kashmir Himalaya. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 209:231–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK (2008) Himalayan trilobite fauna: present studies with respect to the Cambrian biostratigraphy. In I. Ra´bano, R. Gozalo, and D. Garcia-Bellido (eds.), Advances in Trilobite Research. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, No. 9. Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana, Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK (2021) Stratigraphy and the fossil record of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Tethyan sequences of North-western Himalaya. Himalayan Geology 42(1):1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK, Pandey S (2011) Ichnofossils and their significance in the Cambrian successions of the Parahio Valley in the Spiti Basin, Tethys Himalaya, India. J Asian Earth Sci 42(6):1097–1116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parcha SK, Singh BP (2005) Palaeoecological significance of ichnofossils from the Early Cambrian succession of the Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, India. Current Science, pp 158–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak DB (1997) Ammonoid stratigraphy of the Spiti shale formation in Spiti Himalaya, India. Geol Soc India 50(2):191–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak DB (2007) Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Spiti Himalaya, India. J Palaeontological Soc India 52(1):51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak DB, Krishna J, Pandey B (2011) Differentiation of the significant Late Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) transgressive event in the Spiti Himalaya, India. J Asian Earth Sci 42(6):1226–1231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranga Rao A, Cl D, Ram Jokhan Rao SV, Shah SK (1984) Contribution to the stratigraphy of Spiti. Himalayan Geology 12:98–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray A (2007) Tantric Buddhism and worldview in Spiti Valley: a case study on nature-man interface. Anthropos India 3(2):116–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy DR (2013) Proceedings of national workshop and brainstorming session on geoheritage: need for an Indian activism. Visakhapatnam, Department of Geology, Andhra University, pp 30–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy VS (2021) GIS based interactive maps for exploring the religious geography of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Dissertation. IIT Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynard E (2004) Geosites. In: Goudie A (ed) Encyclopedia of geomorphology. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah SK, Paul S (1987) Oryctocephalid fauna from the Cambrian of Spiti. J Geol Soc India 30(3):187–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma JP, Sharma J (1997) The conservation of monasteries in the Western Himalayas. J Architectural Conserv 3(2):68–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shekhar S, Kumar P, Chauhan G, Thakkar MG (2019) Conservation and sustainable development of geoheritage, geopark, and geotourism: a case study of Cenozoic successions of Western Kachchh, India. Geoheritage 11(4):1475–1488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth H, Samant H, Patel VD, Souza J (2017) The volcanic geoheritage of the Elephanta caves, Deccan traps, Western India. Geoheritage 9:359–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Deori N, Pandey DK, Shekhawat RS, Verma P (2021) Biostratigraphic implications of the calcareous nannofossils from the Spiti Formation at Langza, Spiti Valley. In: Mesozoic stratigraphy of India. Springer, Cham, pp 429–442

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RB, Anand S (2013) Geodiversity, geographical heritage and geoparks in India. Int J Geoheritage 1:10–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoliczka F (1864a) Fossils from Spiti. In: Verhandi KK (ed). Geological Reichsanstalt

  • Stoliczka F (1864b) Geological section across the Himalayan mountain range from Wangtu bridge on the river Sutlej to Sungdeo with an account of the formations in Spiti accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district. Memoirs of  Geological Survey of India 5:153

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoliczka F (1868) On Jurassic deposits in the Northwest Himalaya. Journal of Geological  Society of India 24:506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swarna K, Biswas SK, Harinarayana T (2013) Development of Geotourism in Kutch region, Gujarat, India: an innovative approach. J Environ Protect 4:1360–1372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobdan (2015) Spiti: a study in socio-cultural traditions. Kaveri Books, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsering T (2014) Social inequality and resource management: gender, caste and class in the rural Himalayas. University of British Columbia, Vancouver

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakkar A, Jadeja JM, Rajesh SV, Chavan A, Abhayan GS, Bhandari S, Chauhan G, Thakkar MG (2022) Geoarchaeological heritage of Kachchh Region, Gujarat. Western India: geotourism potentials Geoheritage 14:128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00748-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakkar MG, Chauhan G, Padder AH, Parcha SK, Sharma S, Thakur VC, Dorjay CP (2023) Geoheritage merits of the Zanskar Range of the Kashmir Himalaya: a field geology museum from Precambrian to Present. Geoheritage 15:75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00842-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlig V (1903-1910) Himalayan fossils. The fauna of the Spiti Shales. Palaeontologica Indica, 15(4):1-132, 18 pi. (1903); 2-3, pp. 133-395, 76 pi. (1910), Calcutta

  • UNESCO - United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2016) UNESCO global geoparks. Celebrating earth heritage, sustaining local communities. UNESCO, Paris http://www.unesco.org/new/en/naturalsciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco-global-geoparks/

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma VS (2016) Tabo Monastery, conservation, challenges and the climate change. Indian 63(1):43

    Google Scholar 

  • von Kraft A (1899) Spiti fossils. Geological Survey of India:11–22

  • von Kraft A (1900) Stratigraphical notes on the Mesozoic rocks of Spiti. Geological Survey of India:199–229

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Franz T. Fürsich, Matthias Alberti, Jorg Habermann, and Valzamaa Fürsich (Germany) for motivating and accompanying in the field and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support in the framework of their Research Group Linkage Programme. Furthermore, Shekhar Verma, Salil Agrawal, Ajit Kumar, Aruna Pandey, and Rajesh Singh Shekhawat (Jaipur) and Abha Singh (Lucknow) accompanied DKP in separate field sessions. Bhawani Singh Desai (Gandhinagar) accompanied SAB and KC in the field. The association of various field geologists in the field is greatly acknowledged

Funding

The visit to the Spiti Valley was funded by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Research Group Linkage Programme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

KC and SAB designed the manuscript; GDC, MGT, SB, and JMP helped in formulating the idea; DKP was instrumental during the field and also helped in making the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ketan Chaskar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chaskar, K., Bhosale, S., Pandey, D.K. et al. Jurassic Geoheritage and Geotourism Potential in the Spiti Valley of India: a Thing of the Past, Shielded for the Future. Geoheritage 15, 108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00875-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00875-0

Keywords

Navigation