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Linking Essential Tremor to the Cerebellum—Animal Model Evidence

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Abstract

In this review, we hope to stimulate interest in animal models as opportunities to understand tremor mechanisms within the cerebellar system. We begin by considering the harmaline model of essential tremor (ET), which has ET-like anatomy and pharmacology. Harmaline induces the inferior olive (IO) to burst fire rhythmically, recruiting rhythmic activity in Purkinje cells (PCs) and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). This model has fostered the IO hypothesis of ET, which postulates that factors that promote excess IO, and hence PC complex spike synchrony, also promote tremor. In contrast, the PC hypothesis postulates that partial PC cell loss underlies tremor of ET. We describe models in which chronic partial PC loss is associated with tremor, such as the Weaver mouse, and others with PC loss that do not show tremor, such as the Purkinje cell degeneration mouse. We postulate that partial PC loss with tremor is associated with terminal axonal sprouting. We then discuss tremor that occurs with large lesions of the cerebellum in primates. This tremor has variable frequency and is an ataxic tremor not related to ET. Another tremor type that is not likely related to ET is tremor in mice with mutations that cause prolonged synaptic GABA action. This tremor is probably due to mistiming within cerebellar circuitry. In the final section, we catalog tremor models involving neurotransmitter and ion channel perturbations. Some appear to be related to the IO hypothesis of ET, while in others tremor may be ataxic or due to mistiming. In summary, we offer a tentative framework for classifying animal action tremor, such that various models may be considered potentially relevant to ET, subscribing to IO or PC hypotheses, or not likely relevant, as with mistiming or ataxic tremor. Considerable further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of tremor in animal models.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Nicholas Franich, Ph.D. for the assistance with figure. The author was supported by Veterans Affairs. The author has received clinical research funding from Cyberonics Inc., Medtronic, UCB Pharma, Ortho-McNeil, Forest Laboratories, Sonexa, and Eisai.

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  1. Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301, Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA

    Adrian Handforth

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  1. Adrian Handforth
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Correspondence to Adrian Handforth.

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Handforth, A. Linking Essential Tremor to the Cerebellum—Animal Model Evidence. Cerebellum 15, 285–298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-015-0750-0

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