Introduction

The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family consists of serine–threonine protein kinases which are activated in response to stress, cytokine, or growth factor stimulation [1–5]. P38 MAPK plays a critical role in various signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and induction of cytokine production [6–12]. Recent studies have identified four isoforms of p38 MAPK in mammals, and these have been designated as p38α [2], p38β [13, 14], p38γ [15, 16], and p38δ [17, 18]. Further studies have indicated that these protein kinases represent related, but significantly distinct, MAPK subgroups [19–24].

The role of p38 MAPK in the physiology of normal hematopoietic cells and the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative disorders is largely unknown. The p38 MAPK pathway is necessary for CD40-induced gene expression and proliferation in normal B lymphocytes [25]. Our previous studies using cDNA microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with increased expression of genes within the ras-p38 MAPK pathway and upregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein [26].

To investigate the role of p38 MAPK in lymphomagenesis, we analyzed the prevalence and pattern of expression of p38 MAPK in a diverse group of human lymphoma cell lines and tissue biopsies from B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Secondly, we examined the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on gene expression and in vitro activity of p38 MAPK in five cell lines derived from DLBCL. Our studies show constitutive expression of p38 MAPK and its activated form in cell lines derived from human lymphoid tumors as well as in primary tissue biopsy samples. Furthermore, there is differential expression and regulation of p38 MAPK isoforms by IL-4 in lymphoma-derived cell lines. We also show that IL-4 is a potent regulator of p38 MAPK in lymphoma-derived cell lines which may be dependent on their putative cell of origin.

Materials and methods

Cell studies

Cell lines derived from a variety of human B cell lymphoma-derived cell lines, including activated B cell (ABC) subtype (OCI-Ly-10 and Sudhl-5) and germinal center B cell (GCB) subtypes (OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6) of DLBCL-derived cell lines (Table 1), were obtained from either American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) and German Collection of Microorganism and Culture (Braunschweig, Germany). OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6 carry the t(14;18) translocation but OCI-Ly-10 and Sudhl-5 do not [27]. The cells were grown to subconfluence before individual studies in RPM1-1640 medium (Nova-Tech, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics. In IL-4 stimulation studies, the cells were incubated in FBS-free RPM1-1640 media for 24 h at a concentration of 4 × 105 cells/ml, followed by incubation in fresh FBS-free RPM1-1640 media supplemented with IL-4 of concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 ng/ml for 24 h. Preliminary experiments have confirmed that incubating cell lines with IL-4 at the designated concentration for 24 h did not alter cell viability in which more than 95% of the cells were viable as determined by staining with Trypan blue. After 24-h treatment with IL-4, the cells were collected by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm at room temperature for 10 min, followed by two washes with ice-cold PBS. The resultant cell pellets were stored at −80°C for further analyses.

Table 1 B cell lymphoma-derived cell lines used for Western blot analysis
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Preparation of cell lysate for in vitro kinase assays and Western blotting analyses

The cell pellets were thawed on ice and resuspended in ice-cold cell lysis buffer (20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mM PMSF) at a concentration of 2 × 107 cells/ml. After incubation on ice for 5 min, the mixture was sonicated four times of 5 s each. The cell lysate was then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm at 4°C for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected. After the protein concentration of the supernatant was measured with BCA assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL), the cell lysates were stored at −80°C until future use.

Western blot analysis of p38 MAPK and phospho-p38 MAPK

Aliquots (30 μg) of the cell lysate proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE. A positive control was established by stimulating OCI-Ly-1 cells with 25 μg/ml anisomycin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for 20 min at standard culture condition. Ten micrograms of the cell lysate protein of the positive control was loaded to each gel. After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane at 10 V for 35 min using a Bio-Rad semi-dry transfer cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA). The membrane was washed for 5 min in Tris Buffer Saline Tween (TBST) buffer followed by incubation in blocking buffer (TBST buffer with 0.5% dry milk) for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was then washed three times with TBST and subsequently treated with primary antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA) at 1:1,000 dilutions in antibody buffer (TBST with 0.5% BSA), overnight at 4°C. The membrane was then washed three times in TBST buffer followed by incubation in horseradish peroxide-conjugated secondary antibody at 1:1,000 dilutions in blocking buffer, for 1 h at room temperature. After another three washes with TBST buffer, the blot was developed with luminol reagent (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) for 1–3 min followed by exposure to Kodak Biomax Light Film (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). Assays were performed in triplicate for each sample and anti-β-actin antibody was used as a loading control. The density of the bands representing p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK was corrected by that of the positive control and designated as standardized densitometry units (SDU). In IL-4 dose-response studies, SDU of the treated cells was corrected by the SDU of the untreated cells and designated as relative p38 MAPK and phospho-p38 MAPK expression. Mean values of the triplicate assays are reported in the results section.

In vitro p38 MAPK activity assay

In vitro p38 MAPK assay was performed using a commercial kit from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Briefly, 200 μg of cell lysate protein was incubated with 20 μl of immobilized phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) monoclonal antibody overnight at 4°C in cell lysis buffer to precipitate p-p38 MAPK protein. After a wash with ice-cold cell lysis buffer and a subsequent two washes with kinase assay buffer (25 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 5 mM β-glycerophosphate, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM MgCl2, and 200 μM ATP), the precipitated p-p38 MAPK was incubated overnight at room temperature, in 50 μl of kinase buffer supplemented with 2 μg of the substrate protein, ATF-2 fusion protein. The reaction was terminated by adding six times the SDS sample loading buffer to the assay mixture followed by boiling the specimen for 4 min. Aliquot of 30 μl of the mixture was loaded onto and separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The phosphorylated ATF-2 protein was detected by Western blot analysis, as described above. To standardize the loading consistency, 15-μl aliquot of the reaction mixture was loaded onto a parallel 12% SDS-PAGE gel, and after electrophoresis and transfer, total (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated) ATF-2 protein was determined by Western blot analysis. Ten micrograms of the cell lysate of the anisomycin-stimulated OCI-Ly-1 cells was used as positive control for each in vitro p38 MAPK assay and subjected to the same immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, and Western blotting analysis, serving to normalize interblot variation (see statistical analysis). Ten microliters of cell extract from unstimulated NIH/3 T3 cell (Cell Signaling Technology) was used as a negative control for each assay.

Three independent experiments were performed for the in vitro p38 MAPK activity assay. The ratio of the density of phosphorylated-ATF-2 (p-ATF-2) to that of total ATF-2 was designated as the in vitro p38 MAPK activity. We normalized the in vitro p38 MAPK activity by dividing the in vitro p38 MAPK activity of individual cell lines by the in vitro p38 MAPK activity of the positive control. In IL-4 dose-response studies, we normalized the in vitro p38 MAPK by dividing the in vitro p38 MAPK activity of the treated cells with that of the untreated cells and expressed as relative p38 MAPK activity. The mean of the relative in vitro p38 MAPK activity of the triplicate assays are reported in the Results section.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 5-μm thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 15 min was used. An avidin–biotin peroxidase complex method was employed using an automated immunostainer (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, Arizona). Anti-human p-p38 MAPK antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Beverly, MA) was utilized at a dilution of 1:60. Reactive lymph nodes were used as tissue control in which germinal center B cells show negligible expression of p-p38 MAPK while interfollicular T cells show predominantly nuclear expression of p-p38 MAPK. Immunohistochemical analysis of p-p38 MAPK expression in lymphoma tissue samples was interpreted by two hematopathologists (M.S.L. and K.E.J.). To increase the interobserver agreement level, immunoreactivity was interpreted as positive if greater than 50% of the tumor cells showed nuclear expression of p-p38MAPK (Table 2).

Table 2 Immunohistochemical analysis of p-p38 MAPK expression in B cell NHL tissue biopsies
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Quantitative fluorescence RT-PCR of isoforms of p38 MAPK

Total RNA was extracted from four DLBCL-derived cell lines (Sudhl-4, Sudhl-6, OCI-Ly-1, and OCI-Ly-10) that were treated with and without 5 ng/ml of IL-4 for 24 h and from phenotypically purified germinal center B-cells [28] using a modified TRIzol extraction protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). cDNA was reverse-transcribed using the SuperScript II kit according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Quantitative fluorescent reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the LightCycler™ (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN) and SYBR Green I™ (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) [29]. From each sample, 50 ng/μl cDNA was amplified in triplicate using primer pairs specific for each of the p38MAPK isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ) and the control gene EMP 4.1 L1. The sequences of the primers used for quantitative RT-PCR are listed in Table 3. Reactions consisted of 45 cycles of denaturation at 94°C (0 s), annealing at 55°C (0 s), and extension at 72°C (15 s). Fluorescence signals were obtained from each sample after the extension phase of each cycle. The crossing threshold or entry in to the logarithmic phase of PCR for each sample was determined by calculating the second derivative maximum using LightCycler™ software version 3.5.3.

Table 3 Primers used for quantitative RT-PCR
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The expression of the p38 MAPK isoforms in each cell line relative to that of germinal center B cells was calculated as previously described [30]. In studies where effects of IL-4 on expression of p38 isoforms were examined, the expression values of the treated cells were further corrected by the values obtained in the untreated cells and expressed as relative expression units. The arithmetic means of the triplicate quantitative RT-PCR assays are reported in the Results section.

Results

Expression of native and phospho-p38 MAPK in human lymphoma cell lines and primary B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma tissues

We analyzed the expression of p38 MAPK and their phosphorylation status (p-p38 MAPK) using Western blot analysis. Both the native and p-p38 MAPK proteins were detected in all B cell lymphoma cell lines (Fig. 1a, Table 1). As compared with normal lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood, most of the cell lines derived from B cell lymphoma showed up-regulation in expression of p38 MAPK. However, p-p38 MAPK showed variable expression among the tested cell lines (Fig. 1a). We also evaluated the expression of p-p38 MAPK by immunohistochemistry in a panel of 30 B cell NHL tissue biopsies representing the most common human NHL composed of follicular lymphoma (n = 6); chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL; n = 6); mantle cell lymphoma (n = 14); and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 14). Constitutive expression of p-p38MAPK was detectable within the nucleus of lymphoma cells in 1/6 (17%) follicular lymphomas, 2/6 (33%) CLL/SLL, 11/14 (78%) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and 13/14 (93%) DLBCLs (Fig. 1b). In contrast, reactive germinal centers from six lymph nodes showed negligible levels of p-p38 indicating that this pathway is deregulated in a variety of B-lineage NHLs.

Fig. 1
figure 1

a Western blot analyses of expression of native (p38 MAPK) and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) in human-derived B cell lymphoma cell lines. For comparison, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK also done in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBL (PBL+PHA). The experiments were performed in triplicate, and results shown are from the same experiment. b Immunohistochemical analysis of p-p38 MAPK in reactive lymphoid tissue and B cell NHL tissue samples. Germinal center B cells within reactive lymphoid tissue show negligible expression of p-p38 MAPK. Representative cases of FCL and CLL/SLL demonstrating low p-p38 MAPK expression are shown. MCL and DLBCL demonstrating strong nuclear expression of p-p38 MAPK are shown

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Expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in DLBCL-derived cell lines

Using Western blot analysis, we evaluated the expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in five cell lines derived from DLBCLs, Sudhl-4, Sudhl-6, OCI-Ly1, OCI-Ly10, and Sudhl-5. Both native p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK were detected in the five DLBCL cell lines (Fig. 2a, b). Except in Sudhl-6, the levels of both proteins in the DLBCL cell lines are relatively uniform, varying between 1 and 2.19 SDU for p38 MAPK and between 1 and 2.21 SDU for p-p38 MAPK, respectively (Fig. 2b). Interestingly, the levels of both p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in Sudhl-6 are significantly higher than in the other four cell lines, with the levels of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK being 8.01 and 3.72 SDU, respectively (Fig. 2b).

Fig. 2
figure 2

a Representative Western blot analyses of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK expression in five cell lines derived from DLBCLs, OCI-Ly-10, Sudhl-5, OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6. b Relative expression of p38 and p-p38 MAPK in the five lymphoma-derived cell lines expressed in standardized densitometry units (SDU). Each data point represents the mean of triplicate assays

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In vitro p38 MAPK activity in DLBCL-derived cell lines

To determine whether the expression of activated p38MAPK correlated with in vitro kinase activity, we used an in vitro kinase assay to determine the activity of p38 MAPK. As shown in Fig. 3, the cell lysates from all five DLBCL-derived cell lines showed in vitro p38 MAPK activity as evidenced by the expression of phosphorylated ATF-2 which is a substrate of p38 MAPK. Sudhl-5 and Sudhl-6 cells display the highest level of p38 MAPK activity while Sudhl-4 cells express the lowest p38 MAPK activity. When the kinase activity of the cell lines is corrected to the level in Sudhl-4, the relatively p38 MAPK activity of Sudhl-5, Sudhl-6, Ly-1, and Ly-10 are 2.63, 2.41, 1.86, and 1.43, respectively (Fig. 3b).

Fig. 3
figure 3

a Representative Western blot analyses of p-ATF-2 and total ATF-2 proteins in five cell lines derived from DLBCLs, OCI-Ly-10, Sudhl-5, OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6. b In vitro p38 MAPK activity in the five lymphoma-derived cell lines was determined by assessment of relative expression of p-ATF2 versus ATF-2. Each data point represents the mean of triplicate assays

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Effects of IL-4 on expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK of DLBCL-derived cell lines

To determine whether IL-4, a key cytokine that regulates the differentiation and proliferation of normal B-lymphocytes, regulates the expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in lymphoma-derived cell lines, we assessed the expression of these proteins after exposure to recombinant IL-4. Stimulation of the five cell lines to varying concentrations of IL-4 for 24 h showed no effect on the expression of native p38 MAPK in all cell lines (Figs. 4 and 5a). This was not the case for p-p38 MAPK. A dose-dependent increase in p-p38 MAPK was seen in OCI-Ly-10 and Sudhl-5 cells; both are ABC-like DLBCL-derived cell lines, in contrast to GCB-like DLBCL-derived cell lines including OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6 cells, where there was no significant effect on the levels of p-p38 MAPK (Figs. 4 and 5b). In OCI-Ly-10, the peak effective level of IL-4 was 5 ng/ml which resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in p-p38 MAPK, while in Sudhl-5, the peak effective concentration of IL-4 was 10 ng/ml which resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in p-p38 MAPK. Higher concentrations of IL-4 demonstrated no significant increase in p-p38 MAPK expression in either OCI-Ly-10 or Sudhl-5 cell lines. These data indicate that, in cell lines that show relatively high constitutive expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK (OCI-Ly-1, Sudhl-4, and Sudhl-6), IL-4 stimulation did not induce a significant increase in expression of the proteins. In cell lines that exhibited relatively lower levels of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK (OCI-Ly-10 and Sudhl-5), however, IL-4 induced a significant increase in the expression of p-p38 MAPK but not native p38 MAPK.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Representative Western blot analyses of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK proteins in lymphoma-derived cell lines exposed to varying concentrations of IL-4. The experiments were performed in triplicate and results shown are from the same experiment

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Fig. 5
figure 5

a Graphic representation of effect of IL-4 on expression of p38 MAPK in B cell lymphoma-derived cell lines. Each data point represents the mean of triplicate assays and is corrected by the expression seen in the control untreated cells. b Graphic representation of effect of IL-4 on expression of p-p38 MAPK in lymphoma-derived cell lines. Each data point represents the mean of triplicate assays and is corrected by the expression seen in the control untreated cells

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Effect of IL-4 on in vitro p38MAPK activity in DLBCL-derived cell lines

We investigated the effect of IL-4 on the in vitro activity of p38 MAPK. IL-4 induced a dose-dependent increase in p38 MAPK in vitro activity in all the five cell lines (Fig. 6a, b). Except in Sudhl-5, the peak effective level of IL-4 is 5 ng/ml with the increase in p38 MAPK in vitro activity ranging from 1.57- to 2.33-fold of the basal levels. In these cell lines, further increase in IL-4 concentration was associated with a gradual decrease in p38 MAPK in vitro activity to the levels either compatible to the basal levels, as in Sudhl-6, OCI-Ly-1, and OCI-Ly-10, or below the basal level, as in Sudhl-4. In Sudhl-5, the peak effective level of IL-4 is 10 ng/ml which induced 3.21 times increase in p38 MAPK in vitro activity. The in vitro p38 MAPK activity in Sudhl-5 decreased with further increase in IL-4 concentration but did not return to basal level. Furthermore, the data indicate that there is a positive correlation between the levels of p-p38 MAPK and its in vitro kinase activity.

Fig. 6
figure 6

a Effect of IL-4 on in vitro p38 MAPK activity in lymphoma-derived cell lines. The expression of p-ATF-2 which serves as a substrate of p38 MAPK activity is measured relative to that of total ATF-2. b Graphic representation of relative in vitro p38 MAPK activity detected by increasing concentration of IL-4. Each data point represents the mean of three replicate assays and is corrected by the level seen in the control untreated cells

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Discussion

Our previous studies showed increased expression of p38 MAPK transcript and protein in a subset of DLBCL arising from follicular lymphomas [26]. In addition, lymphoma cells in DLBCL displayed strong nuclear reactivity for p-p38 MAPK, while follicular lymphoma cells were often negative. Similar observations were obtained recently by Ogasawara et al. [31] who found that freshly prepared cells from B cell lymphomas showed constitutive in vitro activity of p38 MAPK and ERK but not Ras, Akt kinase, and JNK kinase. These observations suggest that constitutive activation of the p38 MAPK pathway may be implicated in lymphomagenesis.

In the current study, we have examined the expression of p38 and p-p38 MAPK proteins in cell lines derived from a variety of B cell-derived NHL. As shown in Fig. 1, both proteins were detected in all human B cell lymphoma cell lines. As compared with normal lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood, most of the cell lines derived from B cell neoplasms show up-regulated expression of p38 MAPK. The expression of p-p38 MAPK, however, was lower and more variable. These data suggest that the p38 MAPK is expressed and activated in neoplastic cells derived from B cell neoplasms. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, in reactive lymph nodes and tonsils, there were negligible levels of p-p38 MAPK in germinal center B cells, while the mantle B cells showed weak cytoplasmic expression. Analysis of primary tissues of B cell NHLs also demonstrated constitutive expression of activated and nuclear p-p38MAPK in a subset of lymphomas while germinal center B cells showed negligible levels. Interestingly, the low-grade B cell lymphomas (CLL/SLL and FCL) demonstrated lower percentage of tumor cells exhibiting p-p38 MAPK expression, while the aggressive lymphomas (MCL and DLBCL) exhibited higher percentage of cases and tumor cells exhibiting p-p38 MAPK expression. The p-p38 expression does not merely indicate proliferation status since p-p38 MAPK is not expressed in reactive germinal center B cells (Fig. 1b). The high percentage of MCL and DLBCL cases with p-p38 MAPK expression (78% and 93%, respectively) may be reflective of the presence of cytokines or growth factors that activate the p38 MAPK pathway in these tumors.

We determined whether expression of p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK is associated with its functional kinase activity. As demonstrated in Fig. 3a, b, cell lysates from five DLBCL-derived cell lines showed readily detectable in vitro p38 MAPK activity using ATF2, a natural substrate for the kinase activity of p38 MAPK. There was a positive correlation between the levels of p-p38 MAPK as determined by Western blot analysis and the in vitro p38 MAPK activity.

Although the role of p38 MAPK is thought to be central to many key cellular processes such as the production of IL-6, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in many cell systems, the regulation of p38 MAPK expression in normal and neoplastic lymphocytes has not received much attention in the literature. CD40 ligand provides a co-stimulatory signal that induces p38 MAPK activation and results in the differentiation and proliferation of B cells [25]. Type I interferons can activate p38 MAPK in T-lymphoblastic leukemia-derived cells and Burkitt lymphoma-derived cells [32, 33], and toll-like receptor 2 can induce p38 MAPK expression in HEK293 cells [34]. In addition, recent studies found that IL-4 induces the activation of p38 MAPK in endometriotic stromal cells [35].

However, little is known regarding the extracellular regulators of p38 MAPK expression in neoplastic B cells. Thus, we investigated the potential role of IL-4 in the regulation of the expression and activity of p38 MAPK. IL-4 is a well characterized cytokine that is produced by normal CD4+ T cells and is important in regulation of normal B cell differentiation and proliferation [36]. High levels of IL-4 have been observed in culture supernatants from B and T cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients [37, 38]. IL-4 may promote survival and viability of CLL cells by preventing apoptosis [37]. Our current study data shows that IL-4 stimulation induced the expression of p-p38 MAPK as well as the in vitro p38 MAPK activity in cell lines derived from B cell lymphomas while previous studies showed that IL-4 failed to stimulate the enzymatic activity of p38 MAPK or MAPKAP kinase-2, a downstream kinase in the p38 MAPK pathway. These studies were, however, limited to the analysis of primary mast cell cultures and cultured factor-dependent hematopoietic cell lines MC/9 and DS-MACII [4]. The finding that the level of p-p38 MAPK in OCI-LY-10 cell line reached a plateau at 5 ng/ml Il-4 with minimal increase at 20 ng/ml Il-4 may be due to the susceptibility of OCI-LY-10 to low-dose Il-4 sensitization or prolonged receptor–ligand interactions. These observations further suggest that IL-4-mediated activation of p38 MAPK may be highly cell-type specific. IL-4 has been shown to activate p38 MAPK-dependent pathways in a number of other cell types including keratinocytes [39].

We also found that expression of p-p38 MAPK and in vitro kinase activity among cell lines derived from DLBCLs was cell-type dependent. Whereas expression and activity of p38MAPK in Sudhl-4, Sudhl-6, and OCI-Ly-1 cells were higher than in Sudhl-5 and OCI-Ly-10 cells, the latter cell lines responded more potently to induction by IL-4. Interestingly, these two cell lines do not harbor the t(14;18) chromosomal aberration and have been regarded as equivalents of the activated B cell lymphoma subtype in cDNA microarray studies [40].

Tissue distribution of different isoforms of p38 MAPK mRNA has been studied [2, 13–18, 41–43]; however, there is no information on expression of these isoforms in B cells or B cell lymphoma cells. Our data show that both reactive germinal center B cells and cells derived from DLBCL express all four isoforms of p38 MAPK at the RNA level (supplementary Fig. 1). The most predominant isoform of p38 MAPK expressed in cell lines derived from DLBCL was p38γ, followed by p38β, while the expression of p38α and p38δ was minimal. These data further highlight the complexity of regulation of p38 MAPK isoform expression by which IL-4 may play a role in regulating p38 MAPK pathway (supplementary Fig. 2).

In conclusion, our data indicate that constitutive activation of the p38 MAPK may represent an important pathogenetic mechanism in B cell lymphomas. This study documents the differential expression of isoforms of the p38 MAPK gene in DLBCL-derived cell lines, implicating its possible deregulation in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. We present, evidence that IL-4 may be an important regulator of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway with stimulatory effects on gene expression, protein levels, and in vitro kinase activity. The data suggest a possible role for IL-4-mediated activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas.