Abstract
Background
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is under evaluation in breast-conserving surgery. We have begun our study with the first step being a phase I–II study. This study was designed to identify the recommended dose and to test the feasibility of and tolerance to IORT in Japanese patients (UMIN000000918).
Methods
A phase I study was designed using a scheme of dose escalation from 19 to 20 to 21 Gy. We designed the phase II study to use the recommended dose. The primary endpoint was early toxicity. Secondary endpoints were efficacy for a long period and late toxicity. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) T < 2.5 cm, (2) age >50 years, (3) surgical margin >1 cm, (4) intraoperative pathologically free margins, and (5) sentinel node negative. Partial resection was performed with at least a 1 cm margin around the tumor. Radiation was delivered directly to the mammary gland with the use of a Mobetron®. The toxicity was evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0.
Results
Nine patients were enrolled for the phase I study. All patients tolerated and we therefore recommend 21 Gy. The following 23 patients were enrolled in a phase II study and received 21 Gy. After a median follow-up of 26.0 months, their toxicities within 3 months included deep connective tissue fibrosis (G1 23/26, G2 2/26), hematoma (G1 9/26), infection in the musculoskeletal soft tissue (G1 4/26), and soft tissue necrosis (G2 3/26). There have been no local recurrences.
Conclusions
The first group of Japanese female patients treated with IORT showed very good tolerability in the phase I/II study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans E, et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;366:2087–106.
Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, Greco M, Saccozzi R, Luini A, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1227–32.
Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1233–41.
Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, Galimberti V, Luini A, Veronesi P, et al. Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in small breast carcinoma: long-term results of a randomized trial. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:997–1003.
Njeh CF, Saunders MW, Langton CM. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI): a review of available techniques. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:90.
Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Luini A, Gatti G, Intra M, Zurrida S, et al. A preliminary report of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in limited-stage breast cancers that are conservatively treated. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2178–83.
Luini A, Orecchia R, Gatti G, Intra M, Ciocca M, Galimberti V, et al. The pilot trial on intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons (ELIOT): update on the results. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;93:55–9.
Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Luini A, Galimberti V, Gatti G, Intra M, et al. Full-dose intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons during breast-conserving surgery. Ann Surg. 2005;242:101–6.
Intra M, Luini A, Gatti G, Ciocca M, Gentilini O, Viana A, et al. Surgical technique of intraoperative radiation therapy with electrons (ELIOT) in breast cancer: a lesson learned by over 1000 procedures. Surgery. 2006;140:467–71.
Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Luini A, Galimberti V, Zurrida S, Intra M, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy during breast conserving surgery: a study on 1,822 cases treated with electrons. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124:141–51.
Sawaki M, Sato S, Kikumori T, Ishihara S, Aoyama Y, Itoh Y, et al. A phase I study of intraoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer in Japan. World J Surg. 2009;33:2587–92.
Oshima T, Aoyama Y, Shimozato T, Sawaki M, Imai T, Ito Y, et al. An experimental attenuation plate to improve the dose distribution in intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy for breast cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54:3491–500.
Skandarajah AR, Lynch AC, Mackay JR, Ngan S, Heriot AG. The role of intraoperative radiotherapy in solid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:735–44.
Vicini F, Arthur D, Wazer D, Chen P, Mitchell C, Wallace M, et al. Limitations of the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Consensus Panel guidelines on the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79:977–84.
Polgár C, Limbergen EV, Pötter R, Kovács G, Polo A, Lyczek J, et al. Patient selection for accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) after breast-conserving surgery: Recommendations of the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) breast cancer working group based on clinical evidence (2009). Radiother Oncol. 2010;94:264–73.
Park CC, Mitsumori M, Nixon A, Recht A, Connolly J, Gelman R, et al. Outcome at 8 years after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy for invasive breast cancer: influence of margin status and systemic therapy on local recurrence. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1668–75.
Fisher ER. Lumpectomy margins and much more. Cancer. 1997;79:1453–8. (discussion 9-60).
Beal K, McCormick B, Zelefsky M, Borgen P, Fey J, Goldberg J, et al. Single-fraction intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer: early cosmetic results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biology Phys. 2007;69:19–24.
Chism D, Freedman G, Li T, Anderson P. Re-excision of margins before breast radiation—diagnostic or therapeutic? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1416–21.
Mariani L, Salvadori B, Marubini E, Conti AR, Rovini D, Cusumano F, et al. Ten year results of a randomised trial comparing two conservative treatment strategies for small size breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:1156–62.
Fukamachi K, Ishida T, Usami S, Takeda M, Watanabe M, Sasano H, et al. Total-circumference intraoperative frozen section analysis reduces margin-positive rate in breast-conservation surgery. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010;40:513–20.
Kyndi M, Sorensen FB, Knudsen H, Overgaard M, Nielsen HM, Overgaard J. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, and response to postmastectomy radiotherapy in high-risk breast cancer: The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1419–26.
Nguyen PL, Taghian AG, Katz MS, Niemierko A, Abi Raad RF, Boon WL, et al. Breast cancer subtype approximated by estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2 is associated with local and distant recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2373–8.
Solin LJ. Tailored local-regional treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2010;10:343–4.
Vicini FA, Kestin L, Chen P, Benitez P, Goldstein NS, Martinez A. Limited-field radiation therapy in the management of early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1205–10.
Benitez P, Keisch M, Vicini F, Stolier A, Scroggins T, Walker A, et al. Five-year results: the initial clinical trial of Mammosite balloon brachytherapy for partial breast irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2007;194:456–62.
Vicini FA, Baglan KL, Kestin LL, Mitchell C, Chen PY, Frazier RC, et al. Accelerated treatment of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1993–2001.
Antonucci JV, Wallace M, Goldstein NS, Kestin L, Chen P, Benitez P, et al. Differences in patterns of failure in patients treated with accelerated partial breast irradiation versus whole-breast irradiation: a matched-pair analysis with 10-year follow-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:447–52.
Holmes D, Baum M, Joseph D. The TARGIT trial: targeted intraoperative radiation therapy versus conventional postoperative whole-breast radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for the management of early-stage invasive breast cancer (a trial update). Am J Surg. 2007;194:507–10.
Vaidya JS, Joseph DJ, Tobias JS, Bulsara M, Wenz F, Saunders C, et al. Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy versus whole breast radiotherapy for breast cancer (TARGIT-A trial): an international, prospective, randomised, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376:91–102.
Reitsamer R, Fastner G, Kopp M, Menzel C, Sedlmayer F. Intraoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer. Lancet. 2010;376:1141. (author reply 3-4).
Buchholz TA. Radiation therapy for early-stage breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:63–70.
Huang J. Does delay in starting treatment affect the outcomes of radiotherapy? A systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:555–63.
Vaidya J, Tobias J, Baum M, Keshtgar M, Joseph D, Wenz F, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:165–73.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the patients who participated in our study. We are grateful to Mr. Koji Oba, PhD, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan, for supervisor of study statistics. This study was presented in part at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society on 24–25 June 2010 in Sapporo, Japan.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sawaki, M., Sato, S., Noda, S. et al. Phase I/II study of intraoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer in Japan. Breast Cancer 19, 353–359 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-011-0294-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-011-0294-1