Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiological features and resistance pattern in uropathogens isolated from chronic bacterial prostatitis

  • Articles
  • Published:
The Journal of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is, usually, caused by uropathogens, especially gram-negative bacilli, although infection is sometimes due to Gram-positive and atypical microorganisms. A recent increasing in prevalence of Gram-positive strains has been reported. The aim of this study was to explore the epidemiological features and resistance rates in uropathogens isolated from CBP outpatients in last 10 years. All consecutive outpatients with demonstrated CBP attending a single Sexually Transmitted Disease centre from January 1997 and December 2008, were enrolled and underwent microbiological cultures in first void early morning urine, midstream urine, expressed prostatic secretion, and post prostate massage urine. Prevalence of different bacterial strains was stratified in four different periods: 1997–1999, 2000–2002, 2003–2005, 2006–2008. Any changes observed in epidemiological features and resistance rates in uropathogens over the whole study period have been analyzed. The present study has been planned, thus, as in vitro study. From 6,221 patients, 4,601 Gram-positive and 1,620 Gram-negative bacterial strains have been isolated. Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli strains are the first and second frequent pathogens found, respectively. Significant differences between E. faecalis prevalence in the 1997–1999 and 2006–2008 periods were found. E. coli showed a significant difference between prevalence in 1997–1999 and 2006–2008 periods. Gram-positive organisms showed a decreasing of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin as well as Gram-negative strains, while a good susceptibility to the levofloxacin was evidenced. E. faecalis prevalence seemed to be raised in 2006–2008 periods. Moreover, a decreasing of activity of ciprofloxacin and a good activity profile of levofloxacin have been reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arslan, H., O.K. Azap, O. Ergönül, and F. Timurkaynak. 2005. Urinary Tract Infection Study Group. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Turkey. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56, 914–918.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bundrick, W., S.P. Heron, P. Ray, W.M. Schiff, A.M. Tennenberg, B.A. Wiesinger, P.A. Wright, S.C. Wu, N. Zadeikis, and J.B. Kahn. 2003. Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Urology 62, 537–541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drusano, G.L., S.L. Preston, M. Van Guilder, D. North, M. Gombert, M. Oefelein, L. Boccumini, B. Weisinger, M. Corrado, and J. Kahn. 2000. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of the penetration of the prostate by levofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2046–2051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ena, J., F. Arjona, C. Martínez-Peinado, M.M. López-Perezagua, and C. Amador. 2006. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Urology 68, 1169–1174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J.E. Jr. 2002. Antimicrobial therapy for bacterial and nonbacterial prostatitis. Urology 60, 24–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giubilei, G., N. Mondaini, A. Crisci, A. Raugei, G. Lombardi, F. Travaglini, G. Del Popolo, and R. Bartoletti. 2005. The Italian version of the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. Eur. Urol. 47, 805–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J.N. 2004. Classification, epidemiology and implications of chronic prostatitis in North America, Europe and Asia. Minerva Urol. Nefrol. 56, 99–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J.N., S.W. Lee, J. Jeon, P.Y. Cheah, M.L. Liong, and D.E. Riley. 2008. Epidemiology of prostatitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 31, 85–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J.N., L. Nyberg, Jr., and J.C. Nickel. 1999. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 282, 236–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J.N. and D.E. Riley. 2004. Chronic prostatitis: Charlottesville to Seattle. J. Urol. 172, 2557–2560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J.N., D.E. Riley, P.Y. Cheah, M.L. Liong, and K.H. Yuen. 2003. Epidemiology of prostatitis: new evidence for a world-wide problem. World J. Urol. 21, 70–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoli, S. 2007. Conventional bacteriology in prostatitis patients: microbiological bias, problems and epidemiology on 1686 microbial isolates. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. 79, 71–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoli, S. 2010. Biofilms in chronic bacterial prostatitis (NIH-II) and in prostatic calcifications. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. Article in press.

  • Mazzoli, S., T. Cai, V. Rupealta, A. Gavazzi, R.C. Pagliai, N. Mondaini, and R. Bartoletti. 2007. Interleukin 8 and anti-chlamydia trachomatis mucosal IgA as urogenital immunologic markers in patients with C. trachomatis prostatic infection. Eur. Urol. 51, 1385–1393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton-Collins, M., G.F. Joyce, T. Wise, and M.A. Pontari. 2007. Prostatitis. In M.S. Litwin and C.S. Saigal (eds.). Urologic Diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Taylor et al. p. 6 Am J Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 May 1. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Service, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIH Publication No. 07-5512. US Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC, USA.

  • Motrich, R.D., C. Cuffini, J.P. Oberti, M. Maccioni, and V.E. Rivero. 2006. Chlamydia trachomatis occurrence and its impact on sperm quality in chronic prostatitis patients. J. Infect. 53, 175–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, A.B., A. Macejko, A. Taylor, and R.B. Nadler. 2009. Chronic prostatitis: management strategies. Drugs 69, 71–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naber, K.G. 2008. Management of bacterial prostatitis: what’s new? BJU Int. 101, 7–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naber, K.G., B. Bergman, M.C. Bishop, T.E. Bjerklund-Johansen, H. Botto, B. Lobel, F. Jinenez Cruz, F.P. Selvaggi, and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Working Group of the Health Care Office (HCO) of the European Association of Urology (EAU). 2001. EAU guidelines for the management of urinary and male genital tract infections. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Working Group of the Health Care Office (HCO) of the European Association of Urology (EAU). Eur. Urol. 40, 576–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, J.C., R.B. Alexander, A.J. Schaeffer, J.R. Landis, J.S. Knauss, and K.J. Propert. 2003. Leukocytes and bacteria in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared to asymptomatic controls. J. Urol. 170, 818–822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, J.C. and J. Xiang. 2008. Clinical significance of nontraditional bacterial uropathogens in the management of chronic prostatitis. J. Urol. 179, 1391–1395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, J. and R.E. Payne. 2007. Prostatitis: Infection, neuromuscular disorder, or pain syndrome? Proper patient classification is key. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 74, 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, A.J. 2006. Clinical practice. Chronic prostatitis and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 1690–1698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Türk, S., P. Korrovits, M. Punab, and R. Mändar. 2007. Coryneform bacteria in semen of chronic prostatitis patients. Int. J. Androl. 30, 123–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenlehner, F.M., T. Diemer, K.G. Naber, and W. Weidner. 2008a. Chronic bacterial prostatitis (NIH type II): diagnosis, therapy and influence on the fertility status. Andrologia 40, 100–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenlehner, F.M., A.H. Niemetz, W. Weidner, and K.G. Naber. 2008b. Spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens from hospitalised patients with urinary tract infections: 1994–2005. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 31, 25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walz, J., P. Perrotte, G. Hutterer, N. Suardi, C. Jeldres, F. Bénard, L. Valiquette, and P.I. Karakiewicz. 2007. Impact of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms on the quality of life in a large group of men. BJU Int. 100, 1307–1311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, W., T. Diemer, P. Huwe, H. Rainer, and M. Ludwig. 2002. The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in prostatitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 19, 466–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, 38123, Italy

    Tommaso Cai & Gianni Malossini

  2. Sexually Transmitted Disease Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, 50011, Italy

    Sandra Mazzoli & Francesca Meacci

  3. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Florence, Florence, 50011, Italy

    Vieri Boddi

  4. Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, 50011, Italy

    Nicola Mondaini & Riccardo Bartoletti

Authors
  1. Tommaso Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandra Mazzoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesca Meacci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vieri Boddi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicola Mondaini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gianni Malossini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Riccardo Bartoletti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tommaso Cai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cai, T., Mazzoli, S., Meacci, F. et al. Epidemiological features and resistance pattern in uropathogens isolated from chronic bacterial prostatitis. J Microbiol. 49, 448–454 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0391-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0391-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation